Nutrient Density

Nutrition Density Essay After having calculated the nutrient density of seven food groups in a spreadsheet, the food group that came to have the highest Nutrient Density was the vegetable group obtaining an average of 7. 76712 Nutrient Density. The food group that came to have the lowest Nutrient Density was the â€Å"junk food† group, having an average of 0. 24845 Nutrient Density. One of the factors that contribute to foods having a high or low Nutrient Density is the amount of calories.I noticed that the foods with fewer calories had a higher Nutrient Density, and vice versa, the foods with more calories had a lower Nutrient Density. Another factor that contributes to the high and low Nutrient Density is that the foods with high Nutrients Density have a higher percentage of vitamins, minerals, protein, and fiber. Foods with low Nutrient Density have an insignificant amount of vitamins, minerals, protein, and fiber. When analyzing the Nutrient Density results of the seven fo od groups, I was not surprised of the results.Before having calculated the average Nutrient Density of the seven food groups I had predicted that the vegetable group was going to have the highest Nutrient Density, and that the ‘junk food† group was going to have the lowest Nutrient Density. According to the results, the food groups that tend to be the most expensive are the vegetable and fruit group. The food groups that tend to be the least expensive are the grains and the â€Å"junk food† group.One of the factors that contribute to foods having low cost per 100 Calories is because foods such as grains and â€Å"junk food† are associated with higher energy density. By contrast, vegetables and fruit are associated with lower energy density and tend to more expensive. There is an association between cost per 100 Calories and Nutrient Density, foods with higher Nutrient Density and fewer Calories tend to be more expensive and foods with a lower Nutrient Densi ty and more Calories tend to be less expensive.The message I got from doing this assignment is that the healthier foods such as vegetables and fruits, which contain a high Nutrient Density are far more expensive than unhealthy food (junk food) such as sodas, candies chips which only provide an insignificant amount of nutrients. Eating healthy can be costly, but it’s better for our own health. In contrast, unhealthy food like junk food is cheaper, but it will not provide you with much nutrients rather it may cause problems to your health if we consume too much of it.

Influence of Visual Media Paper

?The Various forms of visual entertainment media shape American culture and its values is by Visual entertainment media has shaped American culture and values in many ways. There are so many forms of entertainment nowadays that it has cause many of us including our children to forget what is more important. For example we now use the Internet to rely on so many things, like information. When at one point in time we would use books or newspapers. Video games, Internet, cell phones and things like this have taken away from our values of taking time out to enjoy a book.The children of today won’t even take time out to play outside they are more concerned with playing their video games. There was a time where children played outside every day and that was a form of exercise but now all they want to do is watch television, play games and be on the Internet and their cell phones. Visual media influences the diffusion or spread of various cultural traits, including food habits, dress ing, and entertainment. Different forms of visual media, such as television and films, provide materials from which we establish a sense of selfhood, sexuality, class, and even race.Further to this, visual media shapes the way we view the world by influencing what we consider to be right or wrong, positive or negative, and moral or immoral. The social influences of the visual entertainment media have been more negative than positive. For example YouTube has millions of video up where most of them depict something of negativity or something of no substance. There are so many videos of people fighting than there are of someone speaking out to promote non-violence. There are also sexually explicit videos where you see a person has millions of hits.Also movies have become so much more violent these days that young people are easily influenced by them, kids look up to famous actors/actresses. I think it is up to us as parents to make sure we monitor what our children do. Over the years, various forms of visual entertainment media have had some influence on the American culture. Visual entertainment media, for instance, exposes us to different kinds of music and dancing styles. When we are repeatedly exposed to these forms of entertainment, we gradually accept it as a way of life and eventually start practicing the same.Celebrity figures in visual entertainment media also influences our lifestyles. Visual media describes such persons as exceptionally talented and successful in various ways. As a result, we tend to view them as perfect role models and strive to adopt their lifestyles. For instance, the increased use of aerated drinks among Americans can be attributed to the commercial ads aired on TV with popular celebrities as the subject. As well, the rapid spread of various types of youth subculture, such as Goth subculture, can be attributed to visual media.Visual media also exposes us to nudism, cruelty, criminality, violence, unfairness, and other antisocial el ements. These elements of visual media entertainment constantly have shaped various aspects of the American culture. The influence of visual media in today's world has shaped American culture in many ways. People can be influenced with visual media because they can find it relatable. They relate to the person on a television show going through a rough time or a good time in their lives.People influenced by people on television that they look up to. For example if you are watching basketball and you see Michal Jordan wearing the newest shoes that have come out that will make you want to wear them thinking you can be like him. While with television shows, you may not look up to or influenced by the actor you are influenced by the character he plays on television. The way America visual media has shaped is because it is relatable and we are influenced by what we see. This may also change the way we think about cretin things.Such as if you decide that your son or daughter will not date until they are 18 but, you then see on television a 15 year old going on a date you then may change your mind about your son or daughter going on a date. If you hear swear words on television, you may find them inappropriate at first but you then start to use them yourself. It is as if people have grown numb to them existing. However there are good things about visual media other than changing your mind about things. It could inspire to be a better person or get a better job.This may push you harder to reach your goals that you have set for yourself. Some say that watching television is a way to learn. For example show like Dora the Explorer, Blue's Clues, and Bill Nye the Science Guy are said to teach you new things. In conclusion visual media influence social behavior and attitudes when we began to do what we see online, television, or movies. We have to get back to the basics like reading more books, watching the news, and not focus so much on the Internet, video games, movies, a nd cell phones.

Maximum-security prisons Essay

Abstract Maximum-security prisons are known to be designed and organized to prevent escapes and violence and to deter prisoners from harming one another including the correctional officers. Super-max facilities imposes strict limitations on the freedom of inmates and visitors. These prisons, usually an imposing edifice are prisons surrounded by high stone walls studded with guard towers. The purpose of these type of facilities is custody and discipline, it embraces military-style approach to order. Prisoners in custody under these facilities follow a strict routine. Inmates behavior is surveillanced, head counts are frequent eliminating the all the prisoners’ privacy. Introduction Supermax (short for â€Å"super-maximum security†) is the name used to describe â€Å"control-unit† prisons, or units within prisons, which represent the most secure levels of custody in the prison systems of certain countries. The objective is to provide long term, segregated housing for inmates classified as the highest security risks in the prison system — the â€Å"worst of the worst† criminals, and those who pose a threat to national and international security. (Mears, Daniel 2012) As stated in the Wiipedia the free Encyclopedia, Supermax and Security Housing Unit (SHU) prisons are controversial; some claim that the living conditions in such facilities violate the United States Constitution, specifically, the Eighth Amendment’s proscription against â€Å"cruel and unusual† punishments. In 1996, a United Nations team assigned to investigate torture described SHU conditions as â€Å"inhuman and degrading.† A 2011 New York Bar association comprehensive study suggested that supermax prisons constitute â€Å"torture under international law† and â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment under the U.S. Constitution.† In 2012, a federal class action suit against the Federal Bureau of Prisons and officials who run ADX Florence SHU (Bacote v. Federal Bureau of Prisons, Civil Action 1:12-cv-01570) alleged chronic abuse, failure to properly diagnose and  neglect of prisoners who are seriously mentally ill. The U.S. government houses a number of convicted terrorists, gang leaders, spies, and similar prisoners in a supermax prison known as ADMAX, the Federal administrative maximum security prison in Florence, Colorado, west of Pueblo. Al-Qaeda terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui was sentenced to life without parole at Florence upon his conviction on May 4, 2006.Residents also include Theodore Kaczynski, a domestic terrorist otherwise known as the Unabomber, who once attacked via mail bombs; Robert Hanssen, an American FBI Agent turned Soviet spy; Terry Nichols, an accomplice to the Oklahoma City bombing; and Richard Reid, known as the â€Å"Shoe Bomber†, who was jailed for life for attempting to detonate explosive materials in his shoes while on board an aircraft. A lawsuit alleges severe abuse of federal prisoners at ADX-Florence in Colorado, what’s known as a supermax facility where many inmates are housed in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day. It charges the government violates the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. Conclusion To conclude, I would recommend the super-max prisons to consider the lives of prisoners being locked-up having no privileges at all. I acknowledge the fact that they have committed horrible and heavy crimes and those acts that have already been made have caused damage to the state and/or the U.S. and that what has been done you cannot take back or undo but I strongly believe that these criminals should have at least a fair lock up there with a few privileges allowed in these maximum-security prisons. The prisons should allow the inmates to have at least some contact with other prisoners and a little more freedom. According to Mr. Arone (American Corrections p. 270) â€Å"If you lock a dog in a pen and throw food inside three times a day and never talk to him after a year when you open the pen you’re going to have a killer.† This makes absolute sense because I strongly believe that when a person is locked up in four walls with nothing to do or no one to talk to and with limited disgusting food thrown in, it will definitely make a person go crazy  throughout the time. These criminals are already serving time for their crimes but I don’t agree that they should be treated like animals. This is severe abuse is called cruel punishment. To conclude, I would recommend the super-max prisons to consider the lives of prisoners being locked-up having no privileges at all. I acknowledge the fact that they have committed horrible and heavy crimes and those acts that have already been made have caused damage to the state and/or the U.S. and that what has been done you cannot take back or undo but I strongly believe that these criminals should have at least a fair lock up there with a few privileges allowed several times a week at the least in these maximum-security prisons. The prisons should allow the inmates to have at least some contact with other prisoners in hope of therapeatic communication, and a little more freedom for personal needs.

Government Deficits and Public Debt Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Government Deficits and Public Debt - Term Paper Example The reverse is a negative deficit where the outstanding government debt falls. This negative deficit is referred to as a surplus. The borrowing by a specific government issues securities to the parties holding the IOU which lays down the terms of the amount borrowed. The total amount of these IOUs equals the total of the debt that the specific government has not paid. This includes all the amounts outstanding which are inclusive of interest to be paid and the principal amount. The government debt is unlike other private accounting procedures where debt is a measurement of assets and liabilities of a government. The changes in capital are measured by capital budgeting which takes into account assets and liabilities. Several types of debts that are given out by several different governments can be divided into several ways. One way of classifying this debt is according to the specific type of government issuing the IOU. In the case of the United States, there are several divisions of government which includes Federal, state, and the local debt. This debt can, however, be classified by the period it would take to mature from the date of issue, for example, a five-year bond. The government deficit is expressed in real values rather than nominal values. This is because using nominal values would result in an overstatement of debt that is required to cover the government deficit. Moreover, the size of this government debt is measured by the debt ratio and also government debt is measured as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product. A deficit occurs in a situation where government purchases and transfers which form the government spending exceed income in form of tax receipts. To cover the deficit in su ch a case, the government must borrow. The finances of most industrial economies by the end of World War 1 were never as they are present.

Problem statement Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Problem statement - Research Proposal Example Globalization continues to be an important phenomenon that drives the very basis upon which the modern economic climate functions (Kolsaker and Lee-Kelley, 2008). Meanwhile, the whole idea of globalization has been found to be an unfeasibility in the absence of a well harmonized network security (Kirschner, Buckingham and Carr, 2002). But often as companies try to take advantage of globalization and for that matter network security, the problem of cyber crime draws their aspirations back. Lately, the public perception associated with the embracement of electronic commerce has dwindled drastic because of how insecurity network security has become (Layton, 2007). Current research shows that as much as the problem of cyber crime continues to unfold in various types of data theft for the operation and regularization of electronic commerce, the interest of the public to be involved in electronic commerce continues to go down (Peltier, 2001). Consequently, companies and other corporate bodies that rely on the services of computer networking through electronic commerce become the losers due to growing incidence of computer insecurity (Hung, Chang and Yu, 2006). The current research that the problem seeks to address has to do with the impact of data and information insecurity through cyber insecurity on electronic commer ce. Hung, S.-Y., Chang, C.-M. & Yu, T.-J. (2006). Determinants of user acceptance of the e-Government services: The case of online tax filing and payment system, Government Information Quarterly, 23(3), pp. 97–122. Lin, F., Fofanah, S.S. & Liang, D. (2011). Assessing citizen adoption of e-Government initiatives in Gambia: A validation of the technology acceptance model in information systems success, Government Information Quarterly, 28(2), pp.

Developing Appropriate Training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Developing Appropriate Training - Essay Example The importance of training in modern organizational setup can be realized from the fact that all the organizations, whether small or large, allocate a considerable percentage of their annual budget for the purpose of training and development, realizing its contribution in making their business processes more effective and efficient. As the scenario indicates, the staff working in the organization keeps on ignoring the instructions given by Jim Delaney, the president of Apex Doors. They always try to do the task their own way and ignore their president's instructions that aim to make the business processes more effective and efficient. As a result of this, the organization has to face a number of problems. The first one as highlighted by this scenario is the non synchronous working. This also results in the development of the product different from the one desired. Moreover, failing to follow the guidelines of design department, an additional cost on each unit produced is also an additional burden to the organization, reducing their profit margin. The scenario further reveals that there are a number of loopholes in the training process of the organization. For example, the job descriptions are, in most cases, missing, the training manuals simply do not exist, there are no formal procedures of training the new inductees etc. ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM After a thorough analysis of the situation, the main problem that is identified is lack of proper training. The proper training processes in the organizations should be organized in order to bridge the gap between what the President wants his staff to do and what the staff currently does. What actually Jim wants in this case is to impart the organizational culture and the best practices of the organization to the staff of the organization, especially the new inductees, so that a consistency can be ensures across all the departments, across different periods of time and regardless of the fact that who is working and who is leaving. The training will therefore help in achieving these objectives. Although, there does exist a so-called 'training' system in the organization, yet it is not very effective on account of its number of weaknesses. First of all: There are no training manuals The process of handing over is not so well No fixed procedure for the training of the new Inductees No Job Description available OVERVIEW OF INTERVENTION The recommended solution to this problem is as follows: Introduce a formal and organized training program for new inductees, which every new inductee should undergo. Develop a training manual for each of the designation Provide separate skill-based training to all the employees, according to their jobs Provide a combined training related to the specific organizational culture of the organization. Develop a job description which also clearly states the relation of their task to other departments Introduce the concepts of knowledge management. This means that the best practices should remain in the organization, even if the practitioner of those best practices leaves the organization. This can be done by storing those best practi

Caring For A Pregnant Woman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Caring For A Pregnant Woman - Essay Example Alternatively, communication skills are vital as a learning nurse because it helps the pregnant patient in maintaining her personal hygiene and attending prenatal services. Offering the patient a consistent healthcare review including other care plans is fundamental to improve their social welfare especially during medication (Gates & Barr, 2009). Continued good health can also be enhanced through constant daily encouragement, therapy, and treatment that matches the patient’s needs. This should involve other professionals such as social workers, speech therapists, and physiotherapists. 2.Advanced Labor However, in the case of advanced labor, as a learning disability nurse, I would involve other fellow nurses with different specialties. In other words, my first reaction would be to seek for external assistance to effectively facilitate the birth of the baby. Additionally, I would examine the patient's mental and physical well-being to reduce other existing barriers that could interfere with the unborn child. Therefore, in helping the birth of the baby, arranging for emergency missions while providing social care is critical to assist in tests and evaluations. Considering the evidence-based outcome in regards to individual care ensures that the delivery of the placenta and membranes match the health care needs and objectives of the pregnant woman. Putting the patient through anxiety management programs and behavior sessions aids in reducing nervousness that could interfere with the advanced labor (Hannon & Clift, 2010).

Factors Impacting the Quality of Construction in the United Arab Assignment

Factors Impacting the Quality of Construction in the United Arab Emirates - Assignment Example nd high level of competition in the commercial marketplace, the contractors are required to enhance their ability in order to develop their performance based on these aspects. Accumulatively, the aforementioned factors tend to have a significant influence over the quality delivered by the construction industry. Furthermore, there are other factors which also impose a certain degree of impact on the quality of construction industry can be identified as construction materials, management and training of employees, and capability of contractors. In the UAE, government tends to provide significant consideration towards the construction industry. Governmental reports, in this regards reveal that the construction segment in the UAE has seen an era of remarkable boom, especially prior to 2007-2008 financial downturn when the industry was negatively impacted by the consequent debt crisis. During the economic failure of 2007, several construction projects in UAE were postponed or cancelled. Furthermore, the intense changes in micro-environmental factors such as markets, customers and competitors along with the confidence of construction organizations in the UAE was observed to reduce considerably where the market players started reconsidering their business strategies. Contextually, several organizations had experienced problems for adjusting with the changes occurring in the international business environment. Due to lack of readiness to adjust with the changing business circumstances, most of the construction organizations were forced to adopt survival strategies rather than growth strategies during the past few years which imposed a considerable impact on the quality assurance rendered by the company (Oryx Middle East, n.d.). Despite of the above circumstances, UAE has high probability of growth in its construction segment. The rise of oil price in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region initiates several big construction projects in the UAE. The growth in construction

Health Psychology Committee Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Psychology Committee Report - Essay Example lth Psychology Committee has been mandated with the task of developing a psychiatry division to further enhance our response to mental health issues within the community. The following is results of our health psychology action plan. Seeking to hire and train five additional hospital-associated psychologists with the task of dealing with the wider community in a variety of health-related roles, the following recommendations will be made understanding that health and society are interrelated variables which work together to promote a healthy community. Accordingly, the committee understands and takes into account the important role that society has on the health status of members of its community. Accordingly, â€Å"on a fairly broad level, our society affects the health of individuals by promoting certain values of our culture.† (AUTHOR, 14) Individualist health promotion programs aim to address the health concerns of individuals while structuralism health promotion programs are focused upon addressing health trends such as the outbreak of HIV among high school students, or addressing the mental health issues across a cross-section of society. The social model of health explores both individuals and the s ocial population in determining our conception of health. According to this theoretical paradigm, improved health can be improved by looking at the key environmental and social aspects of what constitutes positive health. This is a theoretical model which has recently gained credence due to its emphasis on social determinants of health. With this in mind, the report aims to specify duties for the five hospital-associated psychologists keeping in mind the interconnectedness of health status and society. Thus, a sociological perspective on health will frame this report. Accordingly, the following positions will need to be filled by the committee: substance abuse counselor; inpatient-only psychologist; child psychologist; adult psychologist. Each of these

Obesity and Calories Essay Example for Free

Obesity and Calories Essay But you also know that most diets and quick weight-loss plans have about as much substance as a politician’s campaign pledges. You’re better off finding several simple things you can do on a daily basis — along with following the cardinal rules of eating more vegetables and less fat and getting more physical activity. Together, they should send the scale numbers in the right direction: down. 1. Once a week, indulge in a high-calorie-tasting, but low-calorie, treat. This should help keep you from feeling deprived and binging on higher-calorie foods. For instance: †¢ Lobster. Just 83 calories in 3 ounces. †¢ Shrimp. Just 60 calories in 12 large. †¢ Smoked salmon. Just 66 calories in two ounces. Sprinkle with capers for an even more elegant treat. †¢ Whipped cream. Just 8 calories in one tablespoon. Drop a dollop over a bowl of fresh fruit for dessert. 2. Treat high-calorie foods as jewels in the crown. Make a spoonful of ice cream the jewel and a bowl of fruit the crown. Cut down on the chips by pairing each bite with lots of chunky, filling fresh salsa, suggests Jeff Novick, director of nutrition at the Pritikin Longevity Center Spa in Florida. Balance a little cheese with a lot of salad. 3. After breakfast, make water your primary drink. At breakfast, go ahead and drink orange juice. But throughout the rest of the day, focus on water instead of juice or soda. The average American consumes an extra 245 calories a day from soft drinks. That’s nearly 90,000 calories a year — or 25 pounds! And research shows that despite the calories, sugary drinks don’t trigger a sense of fullness the way that food does. . Carry a palm-size notebook everywhere you go for one week. Write down every single morsel that enters your lips — even water. Studies have found that people who maintain food diaries wind up eating about 15 percent less food than those who don’t. Plus: 8 Kitchen Cabinet Makeovers for Weight Loss 5. Buy a pedometer , clip it to your belt, and aim for an extra 1,000 steps a day. On average, sedentary people take only 2,000 to 3,000 steps a day. Adding 2,000 steps will help you maintain your current weight and stop gaining weight; adding more than that will help you lose weight. 6. Add 10 percent to the amount of daily calories you think you’re eating, then adjust your eating habits accordingly. If you think you’re consuming 1,700 calories a day and don’t understand why you’re not losing weight, add another 170 calories to your guesstimate. Chances are, the new number is more accurate. 7. Eat five or six small meals or snacks a day instead of three large meals. A 1999 South African study found that when men ate parts of their morning meal at intervals over five hours, they consumed almost 30 percent fewer calories at lunch than when they ate a single breakfast. Other studies show that even if you eat the same number of calories distributed this way, your body releases less insulin, which keeps blood sugar steady and helps control hunger. 8. Walk for 45 minutes a day. The reason we’re suggesting 45 minutes instead of the typical 30 is that a Duke University study found that while 30 minutes of daily walking is enough to prevent weight gain in most relatively sedentary people, exercise beyond 30 minutes results in weight and fat loss. Burning an additional 300 calories a day with three miles of brisk walking (45 minutes should do it) could help you lose 30 pounds in a year without even changing how much you’re eating. 9. Find an online weight-loss buddy. A University of Vermont study found that online weight-loss buddies help you keep the weight off. The researchers followed volunteers for 18 months. Those assigned to an Internet-based weight maintenance program sustained their weight loss better than those who met face-to-face in a support group. Plus: 15 Foods You Should Never Buy Again 0. Bring the color blue into your life more often. There’s a good reason you won’t see many fast-food restaurants decorated in blue: Believe it or not, the color blue functions as an appetite suppressant. So serve up dinner on blue plates, dress in blue while you eat, and cover your table with a blue tablecloth. Conversely, avoid red, yellow, and orange in your dining areas. Studies find they encourage eating . 11. Clean your closet of the â€Å"fat† clothes. Once you’ve reached your target weight, throw out or give away every piece of clothing that doesn’t fit. The idea of having to buy a whole new wardrobe if you gain the weight back will serve as a strong incentive to maintain your new figure. 12. Downsize your dinner plates. Studies find that the less food put in front of you, the less food you’ll eat. Conversely, the more food in front of you, the more you’ll eat — regardless of how hungry you are. So instead of using regular dinner plates that range these days from 10-14 inches (making them look forlornly empty if they’re not heaped with food), serve your main course on salad plates (about 7-9 inches wide).

Nestle Singapore Pte Ltd Marketing Essay

Nestle Singapore Pte Ltd Marketing Essay Nestles promising to providing quality products to Singapore people. dates back more than 90 years ago trading MILKMAID condensed milk under the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. Over the years it has been available in Singapore for Singaporeans, Nestlà © has won the trust of Singaporeans for being a food manufacturer with the highest safety and quality standards with this products.   Nestlà © started its business and operation in Singapore in 1912 and has since been building on its success, largely as a net result of its operating principles. These seek primarily to:- Offer Singaporeans the highest safety and quality standards in our food and beverage products in Singapore. Nestle Utilized the most new and up-to-date technology and its accumulated science-based expertise in the manufacture of milk products. Nestle fulfill its broad responsibility as a corporate citizen member by participating in community and social projects that contribute to the speedy development of the country. Nestlà © brands are household names in Singapore and very well-known company. These include MILO, NESCAFÉ, MAGGI, NESTLÉ NESVITA OMEGA PLUS ACTICOL, KIT KAT, PURINA, FRISKIES and dozens of other market leaders in their product categories.   Segmentation, Targeting   Positioning of  Nestle. Executive Summary Nestle is a worldwide company of milk products and nutrition, chocolates, beverage, catering  and  many  type  of  confectionary  goods.  It  has  its  millions  of  customers  worldwide. Today  Nestlà © Singapore Limited is strongly positioned to grow through its policy of  constant  innovation  and  renovation,  concentrating  on  its  core competencies and commitment to high quality, with the aim of providing the  best quality food to the people of Singapore. In the report we have brought a  discussion about the marketing segmentation of Nestle, their target  market and positioning strategy in Singapore. The way Nestle identify its different target customers different demands with an efficient way and how it satisfies its consumers by creating greater  facilities by the combination of separate products or marketing mixes is shown in market segmentation of Nestlà ©. In the part of market targeting we have discussed how Nestle ha ve made various segments and decided to spread their whole operation in whole Singapore. In the last part of this we have discussed how Nestle reached to the customers point more Easily and effectively comparing with their competitors in the highly competitive food beverage market of Singapore by making  differentiation of target Users and customers. Nestle is the largest nutrition and foods company in the world, founded and headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland. The journey of Nestle begins when Henri Nestlà © developed the first milk food for early in 1867, and saved the life of a neighbors child. This man makes a food for the infant babies who are unable to take mothers feed can use it as an alternative food. Henri Nestle retired in 1875 but the company was going on a full swing. In the following year the Nestlà © company added condensed milk, so that the firms became direct and fierce rivals. After that the company was merged in 1905 with the another company named Anglo-Swiss Milk company which was founded by two  brothers  named  George  Page  and  Charles  Page.  The  company  reenter significantly during the First World War  though it fall in debt, a banker provide facility and help it to reduce its debt. After the Second World War  , the company eventually increased its offerings beyond its early c ondensed milk and infant formula  products. The 1920s saw Nestlà ©s first expansion into new products, with chocolate the  companys  second  most important  activity. Nestlà ©Ã‚  felt the effects of World War II  immediately. Profits dropped from US$20.1 million in1938 to US$6.1 million in 1939. But at the end of World War II was the starting of a dynamic phase  for Nestlà ©. Growth accelerated and companies were acquired. At present the company operates in 86 countries around the world and employs around 283,000 manpowers. Theoretical  Consideration Marketing  Strategies: The  Strategic  plan  provides  the  companys  overall mission and objective and new hpopes to achieve companys views. Through market segmentation, targeting and positioning the company takes decisions which customers it will provide and how. The company also makes designs a marketing mix made up of  factors under its control product, price, place,  promotion. Strategy of Nestle in Singapore:   Nestlà ©s basic strategy is to cover only the urban area of Singapore. Thats why  they  are  doing  their  activities  in  main  and  metropolitan  cities  of  Singapore. They want to put babies and children healthy and ensure their  sufficient nutrition.  Thats  why  main and large range  of  their  products  are  baby  milk food  products. They also target new age generation to build a strong relationship by  providing various eating products. In the report, we are going to focus of Nestle is to segment, target the  potential customers and to positioning of their profitable products. Their  segmentations, targeting, positioning process are given below. Nestle want to change customers toward their products. Thats why they are offering  new  products  regularly.  They  also  provide  many  social competitions for babies to go their  mindset. In this report we are looking to focus of Nestle Singapore is to segment,  target  the  major  customers  and  to  position  of  their  profitable products. The relevant information is given below:- Market  Segmentation: The marketing concept asks for  understanding customers requirements and satisfying their  requirements and needs better than the others do. But many customers have different needs and it rarely is possible to satisfy all customers by treating them same just like. Market segmentation is the searching of portions of the market that are different from other. Segmentation provides the firm to better satisfy the needs of its potential customers. 1.  Clearer  understanding  of  the  requirements  and  needs  of  selected  customer  groups. 2. More effective positioning in this place. 3. Greater precision in selecting  promotional Transportation vehicles and techniques. Bases for  Segmentation: Users markets can be segmented on the basis of following customer characteristics. 1. Geographic area 2. Demographic area 3. Psychographic area 4. Behavioral area Geographic: Nature: Nestlà © Singapore segmented its market for Nescafe Ice  based on the geographic weather: hot and cold.   Nescafe Ice: A coffee which can be consume with ice. During warm season consumers consume this coffee with normal or cold water with ice cube to  bring freshness in their body. Demographic Age: Nestlà © segmented market for its major products based on the genration. For  the products Cerelac, Lectogen, Koko Krunch, Nido, Nestle divided the market segment for new born baby and  children of different ages. Nido It is  nutritious milk specially makes for children 2 years onwards. It includes 25 minerals and vitamin D which helps childs growth. Cerelac : Nestle also provide cerelac for new aged baby. It contains milk and rice mixture for less than one  years baby. It fulfills babys proper nutrition in foods. Nesquick, Koko Krunch : Both are chocolate milk for babies. Nesquick  and Koko krunch contain childs required growth. Its very sweet and delicious and also contains vitamin protein, mineral. Lactogen : Nestle Singapore brings full cream milk powder in the country. It gives baby required nutrition. Lactogen 1 is for babies whose age less than 6months and lectogen 3 is for babies whose age  is below 1 year. Income : Nestle segmented their market based on customers earnings in an effective way. Lectogen : Nestle usage tk 800 for per 900 gm Lectogen 12 milk powder. They also usage tk 1000 for 900 gm Lectogen 3 milk powder pack. Middle income and low income people are not able to buy these products for their  Ã‚  babies. Occupation :  Nestle  segmented  the  market  based  on  their  users occupation. Nescafe classic : This product is for those who work busy and hard and needs more freshness. Both the male and  female who need more caffeine and this type of needs Nescafe classic is for them. Psychographic: Life  style  and  personality:  Nestle  Singapore  provides  KIT  KAT  these  people who really want to taste and enjoy chocolate. Nescafe 3 in 1 is for exclusively those users and customers who are really busy and do not have more time. They can save their time by taking Nescafe 3 in 1.All the things sugar, milk and coffee remain included. Behavioral Benefits Based on benefits Nestle Singapore segmented their market in an effective way. So they provide Cerelac for those customers who want more  profit from the product. Cerelac includes  a high nutrition for babys whose age below 1 year. Two most important things rice and milk remain included in cerelac. On the other hand, cerelac includes vitamin, mineral and all nutritious elements for babies.   Target Marketing: Market segmentation reveals the firms market opportunities. Then the firmsort  market  targeting  by  evaluating  the  many types  market  segments  and deciding which and how many segments it will targeting.   Nestle evaluated the various market segments on the basis of  segment  size  and  growth,  segments,  structural  attractiveness,  and Nestle objectives and resources and decided to launch their operation all over the Singapore country. Nestle distributes their target market because of having unique requirements and wants.  Nestle Singapore selected their  target market into two market coverage policy: Undifferentiated : Nestlà © has offered several products such as Nescafe 3  in 1Maggi noodles, and Kit Kat to the people of the whole Singapore without differentiating the market segment. Differentiated : Nestle also selects the differentiated marketing. It offers different product for many segments based on different ages, occupation, season and climate of Singapore. Nescafe 3 in 1 : Coffee for people who are busy in life. Koko  Krunch,  Nesquick   :  Chocolate  milk  who  want  to  get  taste  of  real chocolate. Nescafe Ice : Cold coffee for the people in hot and warm weather. Concentrated: Through concentrated marketing, Nestlà © achieves a strong market position because of its greater knowledge of consumer requirement. In theniches  it  serves  and  special  reputation  it  acquires.  Nestlà ©Ã‚  specializes  in  producing baby foods. It offers nutritious milk powder Lectogen 1 for  babies whose age is less than 7 months and lectogen 3 for babies whose is under 12month. It also offers baby nutrition cerelac for baby less than 12 months. Positioning Strategy: By  creating  product,  service,  channel,  people  and  image  differentiation  Nestle arrives the consumer touch point more easily, effectively efficiently in comparing with other competitors in the highly competitive food processing market. Product  Differentiation : Nestle brings a many of  product for target customers.   They provide 25 types of minerals in Nido for children. It also provides Cerelac  and  Lactogen 1  3  for  newly  born  baby  exclusively.   Now  the doctors says these products for babies to their parents for high maximum nutrition  Nescafe  is  a  product  which  contains  4  types  of  categories.  They  offer  Ã‚  Nescafe ice for hot and warm weather, classic for all 3 in 1 for those who are busy in life. They  provide  Maggi  including  Maggi  instant;  Maggi  2  minutes  which Includes and contain various minerals, vitamins and nutritions. Maggi also provide magi healthy soup and Maggi corn soup but charge the same  price. Channel  Differentiation :  Nestle  reach  their  products  to  the  customersthrough  their  experienced  market  salesman  and  transportation.  So  that  their  Ã‚  products. are much easy to  their customers. Image  differentiation Nestlà ©s logo is  totally different from others competitors that are greatly choices by its customers. For that reason customer easily identify them in the  market which is another effective benifits for Nestle. People differentiation Nestle has a large number of manpowers that are highly educated and trained. In Singapore, 400 employees are working in market Company chairman; Peter Brakeck- Letmathe and CEO Paul Bulckeare highly educated, wise and experienced people. They are running this  business successfully for a long time. Service  differentiation Another  advantage  for  this  company  is  better  service for its respective users from its competitors. They provide 247  hot  line  service.  High  quality  checking  is  providing for  its customers. Its marketing dept. and public relation dept. are working for  finding out customers new needs and  response toward their nestle products. Selecting an overall positioning strategy: The full standings of a brand is named the brands value proposition-The full mix of advantages up on which the brand is differentiated and positioned. More for more More for more positioning includes providing the most upscale products or service and charging a higher price to cover the higher  cost. Exactly Nestle is doing that. Nestlà ©s products provide more benefit and for that Nestle charge higher price than other competitors. Nido provide nutrition and charge 250 tk for 400 gm. But Fresh, Marks do not arrange nutrition and charge less than that of Nido. Respectively Nescafe, Maggi noodles contains quality for high price,  rather than competitors. Positioning Statement Baby  Products To  babies  who  are  deprived  of  proper  nutrition,Nido,Cerelac,Lactogen are the nutritious milk Product that give you more nutrition other than any other brand because these includes different types of vitamin, mineral etc. Nescafe To busy people who drink coffee and have little time for taking rest, Nescafe is the coffee that gives you more energy than any other brand  because it has the highest level of  caffeine, Maggi To people, noodles and soup consumer who looks better quality, Maggi noodles and healthy soup that gives you proper nutrition than any other brand because it has the best quality. Their motto for business is GOOD FOOD for GOOD LIFE Conclusion The advent of consumer food products has brought an immense change in the field in the consumers food habit. Nestle has done well to adding its  customers  loyalty  operating  as  a  market  competitors  in  its industry. Nestle  is  one  of  the  largest  food  processing  company. Their products and quality mainly includes on their experience and efficiency.  Nestle provides quality that leads to good business growth and good development.It  has  segmented  the  market  based  on  certain  clustered  preferencesdeploying multi-stage segmentation approach to meet individual requirements of  the customers. Offering brand new products would also close its old products gaps to a great extend promise satisfaction and loyalty. In our report, we try to present the segmentation, target marketing and  positioning  strategy  of  Nestle  and  suggest  some recommendations based on the marketing procedure.   IMC Stratgies PROMOTION Promotion activities perform a major role in re-launching any product. Addition in target market is possible by personal selling. It adds persons in retail stores telling the benefits to important customers about importance of milk in standard  packed form. Awareness performs the most important role. They should taste housewives on many places. Because they are the main servers of such kind of  nutritional diets to  their family members.TV commercials and Bill Boards should be planned to advertise properly. There are many promotional methods like personal sales, advertisements, sales  promotions, public relations etc.  but the method accepted by  Nestlà © for introducing  Nestlà © UHT Milk was advertising, outside printed media for advertising like, hording board, newspaper, posters outdoor etc.  Nestlà ©Ã‚  seeing the  old  customer  of  the  imported brands  and  potentials customers via its advertising promotions. In their advertisement, Nestlà © mostly focus the small kids who are the major  Ã‚  portion of our population and milk and such kinds of  Products  are  main  requirement  of  enhancing ability in  children  that  the  reason  Nestle launched  Nesvita  Milk  product especially  designed  for  younger  children  because addition of calcium diets in  routine diet chart is main  requirement. To remind the consumers about the nestle, Nestlà © also made some special platform for retailers and hold them on t heir shops and as compared to other milk selling companies running in the country Nestle shows always attracting messages to feels customers that always drink milk but only I  real form . RE LAUNCHING After thoroughly analyzing the reasons of presence of large number of  competitors Nestle decided to re-launch it product with different new packing. It was an opportunity for Nestle to control the market in that a way  that it will introduce. its all the discrepancies such as  shortage, inflation based pricings which given opportunity to the competitors to control the market. BELOW THE LINE Below the line includes following  mediums of advertisement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Direct mail to users   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Outdoor  advertising à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Through Transit   DIRECT MAIL ADVERTISING It  is  any form  of  advertising  present  directly  to  the  new comers,  this can be  through the mail, fax, online computer services, sales personnels, retailers or  other means rather than through traditional mass  media. Postcards   Nestle issued postcards to their home and office persons in the category of outlets and whole sellers. On different occasion nestle send them different type of post cards to  build long term healthy relationships so that they can contribute in adding the market share of their product . Leaflets/ flyers Nestle has distributes many types of leaflets, which inform information about Nestle Milk products, at different outlets. Folders / brochures Nestle distributes brochures of their product to their users through internet to make them inform of new innovations and products. This helps nestle in adding more customers. OUTDOOR Nestle expenses a big share of  their advertisement budget on the outdoor  advertisement in Singapore, which includes   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Painted Billboards at different places à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢MMT in various locations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Vinyl Sheets located in public places à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Perform Rotary Plan Here is an example of their billboards and rotary plan Nestle has hanged more than 500 billboards across the roadside. They have put on different themes of them, which are presenting different situations in which people  are  using  real  water.  According  to  the  NESTLE they  perform heavy outdoor advertisement to aware people about the availability of their product because it is a product for which people never pre-determined plan to purchase it so to encourage them for the purchase of Nestle Milk Products they have to place billboards.  Beside  this  they rotate  the  posters  of  their  billboards  after  few months the reason for this is that people not interest in those themes when they see it for a longer time so when they exchange them and place the new different one that create the interest among the  people. TRANSIT ADVERTISING Transit advertising is a category of public places out of home media that includes bus and taxicab  advertising  as  well  as  posters  on  transit  places, Bus  terminals,  and Display at airports .Types of  transit advertising à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Inside cards in public transports à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Outside posters on Vehicles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Terminal  posters at various locations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Taxi / bus walls. Nestle 2010 Creating affordable access to protein [online] Available from: http://www.nestle.com/CSV/CSVinAction/SlideShows/essentialprotein/essentialprotein.htm Nestle 2010 Press Release [online] Available from: http://www.nestle.com/MediaCenter/PressReleases/AllPressReleases/NovartisMedicalNutrit http://www.nestle.com/Resource.axd?Id=602C42FE-04D6-4669-BEE1-1027492FE5E8 http://www.nestle.com/AllAbout/AtGlance/Introduction/Introduction.htm Vanhuele, M., Dreze, X., (2002). Measuring the Price Knowledge Shoppers Bring to the Store.Journal of Marketing. 66 (dhs), 72. Peter, J. P., Donnelly, J. H (2004).Marketing Management: Knowledge and Skills. 7th ed. China: McGraw Hill Book Co. 145. http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers_and_shakers/article6639144.ece?token=nulloffset=12page=2

Benefits of Multi Functionality System

Benefits of Multi Functionality System A project can be defined as a temporary measure that is undertaken to create a result. The term temporary means that every project must have a start and a set end date. The end is reached when the objectives of the project have been achieved, or it becomes clear that the project aims for whatever reason will not be met, or the need for the project is not now necessary. Many projects can last for several years. However, the duration of a project is set and would be unfeasible for the project to go on for an indefinite period. Most projects that are undertaken would aim to create or improve something that is needed most projects that are taken on are done for a reason.   For example, the project to erect a Rugby League Greats statue, of four Rugby League Legends will create a result expected to last for many years to come. One thing that cant always be predicted is that sometimes projects often have unintended social, and environmental impacts that far outlast the projects themselves. Project Background The purpose of the project is to critically assess what benefits a new system that has multi functionality would be to Vodafone. At the current time, Vodafone have three different systems that hold vital account information, customer information and network information, this itself causes various problems when it comes to finding a customers details. If the project were to be a success, we could see a reduction in wasted time locating customers details and an overall better organised structure of customer details. Project Aim and Objectives The aim of the project is to investigate and assess the need for a system for Vodafone that can incorporate new and old customers within one main system.   With an initial budget cost of 15 million. By conducting this research, it will give an insight upon what impact the incorporation of said such system would have on the business, stakeholders and the employees. At the current time, Vodafone use three different systems that hold vital account information and customer usage information, this lacks efficiently as has a negative knock on effect of advisors having to find a customers details in the various systems, which is not time effective and increases handling time. To have any kind of success the new system must include the following: Ability to allow just internal users to access the application without downloading any additional software Ability to interface with the existing two well established data warehouse applications. What advantage of a new system (business point of view) What advantage of a new system (Customers point of view) Example of other Business that have incorporated a similar method. Scope Currently, Vodafone use 3 systems for customers: Gemini Crystal VLTS Having 3 main systems is not ideal. Each system has a function that the other does not have, therefore all 3 systems are needed, what is proposed is to incorporate the three current systems to improve efficiency and overall cost. Gemini Used mainly for billing information and queries, would also be used for applying a credit and miscalculations on to account if there was a need to do so. Crystal Also has some billing functions but manually used for assigning faults to a 1st and 2nd tier technical team. VLTS Used for the barring of numbers and the monitoring of queues for problems that would occur on the network. Requirements The outcome of the project is to access the need for a new system the can incorporate all the key main functions of the old 3 systems. Quality of Project Reliability We would need the system to be reliable and to be able to cope with the demands of any tasks that it may need to undertake with large multiple users at the same time. Usability System will be complex due to the different functions it can perform, but must also be user friendly so that in order for the employees to be able to use it. List of Requirements Productivity Planning precision Precision in lead-time, etc. Staff have become frustrated with the need to use 3 systems for all manner of small to large tasks. This, in turn, is creating low staff morale and frustration. It is also creating a need for new starters to be trained on 3 individual systems which is costing the company more money in the long run. By assessing the idea of a new all in one system, this does would certainly create a more positive working atmosphere which in turn will make the workplace a happier environment and in turn happy staff = happy customers.

Kyrgyzstan :: essays research papers

The collapse of the Soviet Union created 15 new states. These states over the last 5 years have all struggled with economic, ethnic, political and territorial problems left to them by the Soviet empire. Kyrgyzstan, is a former Soviet Republic (FSR) located in the Central Asia. This paper will give a statistical representation of the state, Kyrgyzstan. The statistical data will reflect the basic geography of the subject country containing population, size and location. This miniature report will also contain brief descriptions of current political and economic situations. Included in the current information section of this report, is an outlook for possible near future events concerning both political stability and economy. Kyrgyzstan is located in the southern area of the former Soviet Union. Its boarders are defined by China to the east (& South), Kazakhstan to the north (& Northwest), Uzbekistan directly west and Tajikistan to the south (& Southwest). Kyrgyzstan features 76,641 square miles of land, which consisted of .9% of the former USSR's land-mass. The land is primarily used for pastoral purposes. Only 7% of the farmable land is cultivated. The population is approximated to be 4,258,000 people (see Figure A). The Kyrgyzstan populace has experienced a 25.3% growth in population during the last 12 years (Population Growth Data from 1979-1991), and a birthrate at 29.1/1000. Population distribution is 61.9% in rural areas and 38.1% in urban centers. City & Population The top 4 cities are: Bishkek (formally Frunze) 616,000 (Capitol) Osh 213,000 Przhevalsk 64,000 Naryn 26,000 In June of 1990 ethnic violence arose in the city of Oh. Kyrgyz clashed with Uzbeks resulting in a bloody conflict which was eventually suppressed by Soviet Interior Ministry troops. This clash outlined political and economic problems present in Kyrgyzstan even when the USSR was still existent. These ethnic clashes in Oh served to cement political groups who were organizing outside of the communist party during Perestroika. It also gave voice to the large economic problems in central Kyrgyzstan. The "head of state" and leader of the communist party in Kyrgyzstan was Absamat Masaliev. Masaliev invoked policies which were rigid and served to enhance the existing social problems. Because of the decline present in the government's abilities to meet the expectations of the populace, the allowances granted by the Perestroika police and ethnic tensions, communist authority in Kyrgyzstan was challenged. The communist party's rule came to an end in October of that same year.

Billy Budd :: essays research papers

Billy Budd by Herman Melville fits into both categories of tragedy, classic and modern. This story fits into both Aristotle’s and Arthur Miller’s concepts of tragedy. Billy Budd is this story’s tragic hero and its his actions that determine how this story fits into both categories.The classic definition of tragedy is Aristotle’s, that the tragic hero must be noble and have a tragic flaw. He must also experience a reversal of fortune and recognize the reason for his downfall. This couldn’t be any more like Billy’s story. Billy played was a respected and loved sailor with an embarrassing stutter, but was accused of conspiring to stage a mutiny. This changes Billy’s life dramatically resulting in him to kill an officer, and sentenced to death. Before he is executed though he blesses the man who sentenced him to death, which tells the reader that he had forgiven him and understands why he must be killed. Aristotle’s definition says a tragedy should have â€Å"incidents arousing pity and fear†. The incident with Claggart must have certainly caused the reader to pity him and to fear how Captain Vere would handle Billy. The modern concept of tragedy is that of Arthur Miller’s, that the audience feels and fears for the characters so much that it is as if they are the characters themselves. The characters finally meet their tragic end, and the audience witnesses and understands their end. This applies to Billy mostly because of his likeability. The readers come to love Billy as his fellows sailors do. He is completely innocent and naive at the same time. The readersees his weakness and comes to feel sorry for Billy the way one might for a child. The reader sympathizes with Billy especially when he is confronted by Claggart and can do nothing, but stutter. The reader is with Billy throughout and witnesses his transformation at the end. In this fashion,

Common core skills Essay

The key areas in current legislation which relate to the safeguarding of children (1.1) .2.Evaluate the effectiveness of a range of activities that can be used to encourage children to protect themselves (1.2) 3.Explain at least 3 different types of transitions that children can experience over the age range birth to 16 years. Analyse the impact of the transition on children at a particular stage of development. (2.1 and 2.2) . Analyse the importance of play in supporting a child’s development.5. For this task you need to identify 3 play activities for children of different ages. We want you to evaluate their effectiveness, identify the materials you need, why you have chosen the materials selected and any health and safety implications. (3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4) 7. Why is it important that you consider the health and safety implications for both the play activity and the materials used? 9.When communicating with children you need to ensure that your communication is suitable for their stage of development. How can you do this? Please give examples in your answer. (4.2) .10.During your training you explored different communication methods. Select some of these methods and evaluate their effectiveness. (4.3) .11.Explain the main functions of a multi agency team. (5.1) .12.What are the benefits of a multi agency team? 13.Why do you, as a nanny, need to be aware of multi agency working and team working? (5.3) .14.As a nanny you may need to be working with a range of other professionals. How would working in this way ensure the needs of the child are met? (5.4) 15.Using the table below analyse which professionals you would need to be involved with and their role.

Since X Ray Was Discovered Health And Social Care Essay

Since X ray was discovered by Roentgen in 1895, its medical application has grown to be a fast and dynamic imaging mode. Today ‘s imagination section consists of an impressive array of diagnostic and curative devices from x-ray machines, CT Scan, PET Scan, additive gas pedal, which chiefly use ionising radiation for diagnosing and intervention of unwellnesss ; and with the add-on of ultrasound and MRI that use sound moving ridges and magnets for diagnosing alternatively of X raies. Therefore, radiology is considered as the window of the healthcare establishment and the radiologic engineers are the individuals behind these state-of-the art machines. In the x-ray section, one of the divisions of radiology section, the x-ray machines are used for diagnosings of unwellnesss. For 100 old ages the film-screen system has been the imaging system of pick. This system uses radiographic movie, screen and wet chemical science to bring forth an image merely like conventional picture taking. Every RT ‘s end is to supply high quality images for accurate diagnosing ; hence each measure is really critical. The RT must be equipped with cognition and accomplishments from anatomy, positioning and exposure techniques. One little error can endanger the image and outputs an unacceptable radiogram which entails repetition scrutiny that chiefly means extra radiation dosage to the patient. This is one of the disadvantages of a film-screen system wherein one time the movie has been processed ; there is no manner to change it. What you see is what you get. Fortunately, with the turning engineering of imaging modes came the debut of digital imaginati on which follow the same construct as digital cameras wherein brightness and contrast of the image can be changed and images can now be cropped. Its advantage compared to film-screen is really obvious, since images can be altered, repetition scrutinies, oftentimes is no longer necessary. The engineering is brilliant and its introduction has grown the wonder of every RT whether it is efficient compared to the traditional system. And of class, it is. However, as with every other engineering has its drawback. Since the new engineering chiefly uses computing machine and computer-aided equipments oftentimes do the full occupation. The inquiry lies wherein will the competency of the RT in footings of exposure technique factors be same as utilizing the conventional manner? Several international surveies stated that because of the convenience of the system, the RTs utilizing the machine oftentimes fail to see the criterion protocols in every technique choice because images can be manipulated subsequently. Change of images from clip to clip should non be a day-to-day scenario because use sometimes interfere accurate diagnosing. As of the research workers ‘ cognition, there are no known local related surveies in the diminution of RT ‘s competency in utilizing CR. One of the grounds may be this mode is still in the phase of debut in the Philippines and that its deduction is non yet intensively studied. But this does non halt the research workers to seek of happening out if there is so a diminution in RT ‘s competency with the new system. This survey is a comparative-correlational research in finding the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and CR on exposure technique factor choice. The chief aims of the research workers are to compare if there is a important difference in footings of radiographic competency in the RT who uses film-screen from CR and to find if the respondents profile and bureau has a important relationship in footings of radiographic competency. Base on the consequence of the survey, the research workers will be able to measure the indispensable acco mplishments needed for the profession. Technology so has helped us in many ways. However, without the competency of the professional manipulating the equipment is futile. This means that the engineer who has the exclusive duty of manning the state-of-the art equipment should non trust from engineering, alternatively engineering should trust on them.REVIEW OF LITERATUREThis survey chiefly aims to compare the degree of radiographic competency on exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Exposure technique factor choice is an of import foundation for these two types of image receptor ( IR ) or imaging system. Image receptor is a device that converts X raies into seeable visible radiation. Competence should non change whether the radiologic engineer ( RT ) is utilizing the conventional or digital system, otherwise, it will get the better of the intensive survey of the exposure techniques during the undergraduate old ages. Furthermore, s upplying appropriate exposure techniques is paramount in the profession since these techniques besides mean radiation dose on the portion of the patient. Harmonizing to Fauber & A ; Johnston ( 2012 ) , the radiographer ‘s actions at the control panel straight determine the nature and the makeup of the x-ray beam. This means that the selected exposure technique factor is straight relative to patient dosage. In add-on, it is the duty of the radiographer to larn the doctrine, factors and methods that minimizes ionising radiation exposure to the patient ( Callaway, 1996 ) . This besides means that an RT is supplying quality patient attention when he/she gives an adequate and necessary sum of radiation to the patient.Competence in Radiologic TechnologistKlemp ( 1980 ) defined competency as â€Å" an implicit in feature of a individual which consequences in effectual and/or superior public presentation on the occupation. † A competent individual is imbued with the right cogni tion, accomplishments and attitude on a peculiar undertaking. Other writers define competency as â€Å" a bunch or related cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflects a major part of one ‘s occupation, which has a relationship in the public presentation on the occupation that can be measured with well-accepted criterions, and that can be improved with preparation and development ( Parry, 1996 ) . † In radiologic engineering, for illustration, an freshly licensed RT already possess cognitive and motor accomplishments at an entry degree, nevertheless, it can merely be enhanced through proper and consistent preparation in a chosen specialised field during the class of his/her work as an RT.Knowledge, Skills, AttitudeAs mentioned, competency is a combination of cognition, accomplishments and attitudes. These constituents are indispensable as a whole because the absence of one constituent greatly affects 1s public presentation. Harmonizing to Dowd ( 1996 ) , cogn ition as portion of competency includes theories and constructs which were gained as a consequence of the experience of executing certain undertakings. Furthermore, in the field of radiologic engineering he added that cognition includes job-specific nomenclature, methods of forming information and an apprehension of rules and generalisations. On the other manus, Hans Reynold in 1928 defined accomplishment as combined mental and physical qualities which make it utile to industry. Knowledge if combined with accomplishments is of import in the workplace. Furthermore, one can non develop a accomplishment without cognition and at higher degrees, cognition are converted to accomplishments ( Klieme, 2004. ) The last constituent that determines competency is the attitude. The attitude such as beliefs, values, traits, and motivations is a portion of competency because it indicates the individual ‘s response to a peculiar event or state of affairs. Attitude refers to the sensitivity or mental province of individuals/users towards a merchandise, thoughts, or attributes. It besides implies on mental preparedness on a peculiar object or his properties toward an object or his penchants. ( Hulse & A ; Dowd, 1996 ) . In the field of radiologic engineering, competency does non merely intend that the RT is equipped with the cognition and accomplishments but RT is besides imbued with the right attitude and judgement to supply each patient with quality attentionOn Radiographic CompetenceIn the field of radiologic engineering, one facet of the profession requires competent accomplishments in radiographic exposure factor technique. The said competency is indispensable particularly in the diagnos tic x-ray imagination, wherein exposure factors are the key to accurate diagnosing and supplying radiation dose to minimum degree. For 100 old ages, film-screen technique has been the method of pick in radiographic imagination ( Bushong 2009 ) . Film-screen system uses radiographic movies, radiographic intensifying screens and wet chemical science to do the image seeable. Furthermore, this conventional system should adhere to the criterions of the darkroom demands. Film-screen system has the same construct as a typical conventional camera. In a film-screen technique, radiologic engineer should be certain on the exposure factors to be applied in a peculiar exposure because improper choice of exposure factors can take to overexposure or underexposure of the movie. Overexposure or underexposure degrades image quality and hence, it can take to rejection of movie, therefore necessitates the demand for repetition scrutiny. Repeat scrutiny provides unneeded dosage to the patient and extra costs to the section. On the other manus, as with the other inventions in engineering, diagnostic imagination has shifted its class from conventional to digital. Computer applications are employed presents in diagnostic imagination modes. An appropriate analogy that is easy for most people to understand is the replacing of typical movie cameras with digital cameras: images can be taken, instantly examined, deleted, corrected, and cropped, and later sent to a web of computing machines. Computed skiagraphy system ( CR ) is an low-cost solution to digital imagination. Alternatively of the movie, CR employs an imaging home base to capture x-rays and makes it seeable when the home base is scanned into a computing machine and digitized it. Once the image is converted to informations, it can be recorded on a optical maser printed movie or can be transmitted and stored digitally. It has particular characteristics like use or sweetening of the image. Its specialised package is used to image sing with enhanced maps similar to film-screen system, such as contrast, brightness, and rapid climb. ( dicomsolutions.com, 2011 ) . Computed skiagraphy has practical proficient advantages compared with conventional techniques, such as broad contrast dynamic scope, post-processing functionality, multiple image screening options, and electronic transportation and file awaying possibilities. In this system, image quality can be achieved because of the post-processing techniques that are non possible with film-screen system. This system is convenient for the engineers because the RT can counterbalance for exposure technique inaccuracies by seting the technique during post-processing stage of the image instead than that clip of exposure. In radiologic engineering field, competency agencies that the RT is equipped with the cognition, accomplishments, attitude and judgement to supply each patient with quality attention. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is indispensable in the field of Radiologic Technology because RT is a fast growth profession ; RT trades with human lives and most of all, the RT course of study is non plenty to fix the pupils to be equipped with the accomplishments necessary for the profession particularly in the particular Fieldss of radiologic engineering. For an RT to go competent, he/she should hold undergone formal educational background followed by specialised preparation in their chosen field that takes months. As an RT, he/she should hold comprehensive cognition and accomplishments in patient attention, radiologic processs and radiation dose.Exposure Technique FactorsExposure technique factors influence and find the measure and quality of X ray to which the patient is exposed ( Bu shong, 2009 ) . Kilovolt extremum ( kVp ) , milliamperage ( ma ) , exposure clip and source-to-image distance ( SID ) are the chief exposure technique factors. Furthermore, the said factors besides affect image quality. Milliamperage and exposure clip are the exposure factors that affects the measure of radiation. Milliampere is the step of x-ray tubing current, whereas milliampere-second ( ma ) is the green goods of exposure clip and exposure tubing current. They straight affect the optical denseness ( OD ) of the movie. Optical denseness is the overall darkening of the movie. The darker the movie, the higher figure of x-rays is given to the patient. The higher the figure of X raies that are the given to the patients, the greater the radiation dose they receive. Source-to-image receptor distance besides affects the measure of the radiation. The closer the patient is to the x-ray beginning, the higher dose the patient gets. For chest X ray, the standard SID is 72 inches, while for the other x-ray scrutinies, the standard SID is 40 inches. Kilovoltage extremum ( kVp ) , straight affects the quality of radiation. kVp is the maximal electric potency that travels across the x-ray tubing. Since kVp affec ts the quality of the x-ray beam, it besides affects the quality of the radiographic image. Kilovoltage straight affects contrast. Contrast is the fluctuation of densenesss on the movie. The advantage of utilizing higher kVp is that the patient will have lower dose of radiation because it will non be absorbed. However, higher kilovoltage produces more spread radiation, therefore increases the transmittal of X raies to the image receptor and degrades image quality. The best techniques to forestall spread radiation are utilizing beam restrictors such as collimator to filtrate low energy X raies and to cut-off low energy beams utilizing radiographic grids. By using beam restrictors and grid will heighten image contrast because spread radiation will be prevented. Furthermore, spread radiation will besides supply unneeded dosage to the patient. Therefore, exposure technique factor choice is indispensable. To supply quality radiogram and to restrict patients to radiation should be a end for every RT. Harmonizing to Bushong ( 2009 ) , RTs are required to utilize their accomplishments to bring forth the best possible image with individual exposure ( Bushong, 2009 ) . Otherwise, repeat scrutiny will supply unneeded radiation dosage to the patient. Therefore, it is necessary for the RT to be equipped with cognition and accomplishments to pull strings these exposure technique factors to bring forth coveted optical denseness, contrast, and image item on the finished radiogram.RT in Film-Screen SystemIn conventional film-screen system, before each scrutiny, the radiologic engineer must choose the optimal radiographic technique factors- kVp, ma, and exposure clip ( Bushong 2009 ) . There are many considerations to find the value of each factor and they are complexly interrelated. Contrast and Density are the photographic factors of the radiogram and it functions to do the image seeable. Visibility of image is of import so that anatomical image will look for proper diagnosing. After each exposure, there is no manner to pull strings its contrast and denseness and that ‘s what makes film-screen system hard as unequal contrast or denseness entails repetition scrutiny. Since use of the image is non possible in this system, the RT should be certain with the technique factors prior to the exposure ; otherwise, misreckonings can ensue to underexposure or overexposure. In a film-screen system, overexposure and underexposure of the image is considered unacceptable because the of import constructions are non seeable and therefore it is non a tool for proper diagnosing. In other words, image quality is dependent on exposure factors.RT in Computed RadiographyIn CR system, image quality is non dependent on exposure factors. Digital image is unrelated to dose, kVp becomes less of import. Since, image quality is non dep endent on exposure factors, image can be manipulated. In a conventional system, the movie serves as both image acquisition and show medium. With CR, the image home base serves as the acquisition medium but does non expose the image. Since these maps are separate in CR, the digital signal can be altered to counterbalance for underexposure or overexposure and an acceptable image can be displayed on the proctor ( Shephard, 2003 ) . With CR system, post-processing is possible that helps heighten image therefore leting the RT to change image contrast and denseness. Since image can be manipulated or modified, underexposure or overexposure is no longer a job with this system, because it can normally salve fluctuations from the optical technique, whereas proficient mistake with a screen-film system frequently requires a repetition exposure ( Pizzutiello, 1993 ; Cesar, 1997 ) . Therefore, with CR, proficient mistakes are eliminated because of exposure discrepancies that are possible with sal vageable consequences, presuming equal kilovoltage is used ( Ballinger, 1999 ) .On Assessment of RT CompetenceIn order to cognize the competency of a professional, assessment plays a critical function. Assessment is of import so as to measure if the RT is still competent to make the occupation. Since we are in the epoch of rapid engineering, it may come to a point that we will merely set our assurance on computing machines instead than our competency. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is an discernible ability and it can be measured against set of criterions. Appraisal of competency is a combined cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflect the current work pattern. Furthermore, it can bridge the spread between workplace demands and criterion. Choice of exposure technique factor is of utmost importance because RT trades with exposing patients to radiation. Exposure technique factor is tantamount to the quality and the measure of radiation that exits the patient, hence, the RT should be precise in giving exposure technique factors. Supplying appropriate radiation dosage is necessary to forestall the patients from the jeopardies of the ionizing radiation, hence anterior to the exposure of the patient, accurate exposure techniques should be practiced. The issue of supplying accurate techniques lies in a digital system, wherein images can be manipulated during post-processing. Harmonizing to Fredrick Walker ( medicalimagingmag, 2008 ) , a radiologic engineer at Sharp Rees-Stealy in San Diego, CA, he pointed out if the image is excessively dark, we can pull strings the image utilizing post-processing techniques like windowing or shadowing or to set contrast without holding to reiterate the scrutiny. Furthermore, since image can be manipulated during post-processing, it can promote complacence instead than truth with exposure techniques which can ensue in overexposed or underexposed images ( Medicalxray, 2010 ) . In add-on, harmonizing to Enfinger ( 2012 ) , that it is true that the image can be adjusted, nevertheless, it is non recommended because the natural information from the initial exposure will incorporate information from spread radiation that degrades image quality even if it is manipulated subsequently. Harmonizing to Shephard ( 2003 ) , it is likely that digital imagination will replace conventional screen-film skiagraphy in many modern medical imagination centres in the close hereafter. It has already been stated that even if the image can be manipulated during post-processing, this should non be a pattern because somehow it can deteriorate image quality which consequences in inaccurate diagnosing. One retrospective analysis of patients who had undergone lumbar spinal column radiogram for the diagnosing of osteoporosis comparison diagnostic truth with screen-film versus digital skiagraphy. The writers suspected that bone mineral loss could be more easy seeable with screen-film imaging due to the fact that image contrast can non be adjusted with this mode, whereas CR ( and DR ) images undergo digital post-processing techniques to maximise contrast. This could ensue in misdirecting consequences that confound diagnostic strength in osteoporosis. Therefore, this is a challenge now for the RT to keep their competency amidst the assistance of engineering. Competence of RT is the foundation of supplying quality patient attention by supplying appropriate radiation dosage for accurate diagnosing.SynthesisThe focal point of the literature and surveies cited was the radiographic competency of RT between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy and it is through this survey that the research workers can place and compare whether their competency will differ based on the image receptor that is being used. In add-on, competency in exposure technique factors is indispensable because this will besides intend radiation dosage to the patient. It has already been affirmed that the construct has been there for the past few old ages and hence the present survey is surely non a new construct. Nevertheless, the research workers deemed it necessary to carry on a survey measuring the competency of the RT for the benefit of the establishment whe re they belong because the research worker wants to suggest a professional plan that could beef up the foundation of the RTs ‘ . It is besides of import for the school to offer the plans since about the RT from the different infirmaries in Davao City are merchandises of this establishment. This survey is similar to the other surveies cited in this subdivision because it stated on the effects of digital imagination on the radiographic competency of the RTs. Furthermore, old surveies dealt with the effects of image use on image quality and it indirectly link to the competency of the RTs.Conceptual ModelIn this position, the research workers attempted to measure the degree of radiographic competency of the RTs in footings of cognition, accomplishments and attitude. Through measuring the competency of the RTs, the research workers are able to find the degree of radiographic competency ; their strengths and failing of radiographic techniques. On the other manus, the research workers identified the factors that can impact their competency, such as the respondents ‘ demographic profile in footings of age, sex, figure of old ages in service and educational attainment and the profile of establishment such as bureau and its categorization are besides considered. To hold a graphic image of the survey, Figure 1 served as the research paradigmSCHEMATIC DIAGRAMIndependent Variables Dependent VariablesFactorsRespondents ‘ ProfileAge Number of old ages in serviceAgencyPrivate PublicImage ProcessingFilm-Screen System Computed RadiographyDegree of Radiographic CompetenceCognition Skills AttitudeFigure 1Conventional Diagram demoing the relationship between the independent and dependent variablesSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe survey aims to compare the degree of radiographic competency in utilizing a film-screen system and computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice ; specifically it aims to reply the undermentioned inquiries: What is the respondents ‘ profile in footings of: Age Number of old ages in service What is the bureau of the health care establishments in footings of: Private Public What is the degree of the respondents ‘ radiographic competency in utilizing film-screen system on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude What is the degree of the respondents ‘ radiographic competency in utilizing computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important relationship between the respondents ‘ profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important relationship between the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important difference in the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings of: Cognition Skills AttitudeHypothesisThere is no important relationship between the respondents ‘ profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Age Number of old ages in service There is no important relationship between the bureau of the healthcare establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Public Private There is no important difference in the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings of: Cognition Skills AttitudeDEFINITION OF TERMSAccuracy- refers to the grade of conformance of a measured or calculated value to its existent or specific value. Computed Radiography- is an low-cost solution of digital imagination system that uses a photostimulable phosphor as the image receptor. Digital Radiography- an all-digital technique in which x-ray soaking up is quantified by assignment of a figure to the sum of x-rays making the sensor ; this is besides called as cassetteless system. Exposure- step of ionisation produced in air by X raies or gamma beams. Exposure Factor Selection. It is the factor set by the radiographer ( kVp, and ma ) to bring forth visibleness of constructions in the radiogram. Film Screen System- is the conventional image receptor that uses radiographic movie, radiographic escalating screen and wet chemical science to visualise the image in the radiogram. Image receptor- is a device that converts x-ray beam into seeable image. Degree of Radiographic Competence- refers to the step of the degree of competency of the radiologic engineer in accomplishing ends and aims in supplying quality radiogram with minimal radiation dosage to patients. Private hospital- is a infirmary owned by a net income company or a non-profit organisation and in private funded through payment for medical services by patients themselves. Public hospital- is a infirmary which is owned by the authorities and have authorities support.Significance OF THE STUDYThis survey seeks to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the respondents ‘ radiographic competency in exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy ; and to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competency between respondents ‘ profile and bureau. Based on the consequences of this survey, the research workers can place the strengths and failings of the RTs and if it shows important diminution in the competency of the RT in the CR system, the research workers will suggest an enhancement plan for the professionals. The said plan will besides be a portion of the Continuing Professional Education ( CPE ) , and it will be added to the CPE units needed to regenerate RT licences. This survey will be most helpful to the radiology section of the infirmary to heighten Health Care Delivery by restricting radiation dosage to the patients. Furthermore, finding the attitude toward the imagination system will assist the section to reassess the mental and the emotional province of the RT ‘s. Mental and Emotional province of the RT are of import since they are covering with patients. It is the duty of the RT to render quality patient attention by supplying appropriate radiation dosage. Furthermore, this survey will besides be of most helpful to the schools offering radiologic engineering as to escalate the foundation of the pupils in footings of exposure technique factors. Based on the consequence of the survey, there may be a demand to revise the course of study to further escalate the accomplishments of the RT pupils. Computed Radiography is non a portion of the standard RT course of study, and it may be one factor that affects the diminution of competency on the portion of the professional every bit good as the pupils.Chapter 2MethodologyThis part discusses the research design used, the research venue where the survey will be conducted, the description of samples and the sampling technique, the instrument used, the inside informations of process and the statistical analysis to reply the research job.Research DesignThe survey will use a comparative-correlational research. To find the difference between the degree of competency in film-screen system and computed s kiagraphy, comparative survey will be used. Furthermore, to find the relationship between the respondents profile and bureau between the degrees of the radiographic competency, correlational design will be employed.PutingThe survey will be conducted from the selected infirmaries in Davao, Digos and Tagum City using either film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. The infirmaries utilizing film-screen system are the undermentioned: Alexian Brothers Health and Wellness Center, Km. 4, McArthur Highway, Matina, Davao City ; Davao Regional Hospital, located at Apokon, Tagum City 8112 and Davao Del Sur Provincial Hospital which is located at Lapu-lapu St. Digos, City Davao Del Sur. On the other manus, the infirmaries utilizing the computed skiagraphy system are the undermentioned: Davao Doctors Hospital ( DDH ) , E. Quirino Ave. , Davao City ; Southern Philippines Medical Center ( SPMC ) , J.P Laurel Ave. , Bajada, Davao City and Davao Medical School Foundation and Hospital ( DMSF ) , M edical Drive, Bajada, Davao City.ParticipantsThe respondents of the survey are the Registered Radiologic Technologists and Associate X-ray Engineers coming from the selected infirmaries in Davao City using a film-screen and computed skiagraphy system. Furthermore, the qualified respondents should be at least six months in service at the clip of the rating.MeasuresThe research appraisal is composed of four parts. The first portion of the appraisal consists of inquiries refering to the profile of the respondents and infirmary. The 2nd portion consists of inquiries on the respondents ‘ degree of cognition on exposure technique factor choice. The inquiries are specifically structured in such a manner that assesses the respondents ‘ acquired cognition on technique choice. Based on the consequences, the attitude in footings of respondent ‘s response in both film-screen and CR system will be categorized as follows depending on their average mark:Points Obtained Qualitative Description30-25 Very High 20-24 High 15-19 Reasonably High 10- 14 Low 13- 0 Very LowInterpretationThe aforesaid appraisal signifier that will be used as instrument of the survey is constructed and designed by the research workers as to mensurate the basic cognition in exposure technique factor choice regardless of the imagination system used. Its cogency and dependability was attested by experts of the field. Furthermore, the 3rd portion of the appraisal is an existent rating wherein the respondents are observed during x-ray scrutiny. They will be assessed in the existent choice of the exposure technique factor and the result of the image. The said appraisal is a point system ; the appropriate the RT performs in technique factor choice and the acceptable the image, the higher the points. Based on the consequences, the degree of radiographic competency in footings of respondent ‘s accomplishments will be categorized as follows depending on their average mark:Points Obtained Qualitative Description10 Very high degree of radiographic accomplishments 7-9 High degree of radiographic accomplishments 4-6 Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments 1-3 Low degree of radiographic accomplishments Low degree of radiographic accomplishments means that the respondents were non able to execute the appropriate exposure techniques and came up with an unacceptable radiogram. Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were non able to execute appropriate exposure techniques and came up with a passable radiogram. High degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogram but did non execute appropriate exposure techniques. Last, really high degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogram and performed appropriate exposure techniques. The appraisal is limited in the x-ray scrutiny of the skull and thorax. Furthermore, the last portion of the appraisal is consists of inquiries sing the attitude of the respondents. The respondents ‘ attitude will be assessed base on their attitudes about the imagination system and its facets. The research workers will use the Likert Scale wherein the respondents are asked to bespeak a grade of understanding and dissension with each of a series of statement. The consequences will be categorized as follows depending on their average mark:Points Obtained Qualitative Description5 Strongly Agree 4 Agree 3 Indifferent 2 Disagree 1 Strongly differ In add-on, the research workers will utilize purposive sampling as to measure up the respondents for the survey.Ethical ConsiderationResearch blessing will be obtained through the research reappraisal section or human resources section from the six infirmaries. To promote voluntary engagement of the RTs ‘ in this survey, the cover missive of the intent and nature of the survey, informations confidentiality, and research support will be attached. The namelessness of the respondents will be ensured.Procedures1. Letter inquiring for permission. 2. After the blessing of the proposal of this survey, the research worker will organize with the human resource section and the radiology section caputs. Once approved by radiology caputs, the research workers will get down the rating procedure. The research workers will aim two months in assemblage of informations get downing October 1- November 1. Based on the consequence, the research workers will so place the area/s of troubles by the respondents and so proposed an enhancement plan for the professional concentrating on the failings identified.Datas AnalysisThe undermentioned statistical methods will be utilized for the analysis of the informations and reading of the consequences:To reply the undermentioned jobs, obtaining Frequency, Mean and Percentage will be employed.What is the respondents ‘ profile in footings of: Age Number of old ages in service What is the bureau of infirmary in footings of: Private Public 3. What is the degree of the respondents ‘ radiographic competency in utilizing film-screen system on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude 4. What is the degree of the respondents ‘ radiographic competency in utilizing computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills AttitudeThe Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation will be used to correlate the respondents ‘ degree of radiographic competency and the ( 1 ) respondents ‘ profile and ( 2 ) profile of the healthcare establishment. It seeks to reply the undermentioned jobs:5. Is there a important relationship between the respondents ‘ profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important relationship between the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills AttitudeLast, T-test will be used to compare the degree of respondents ‘ competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy:Is there a important difference in the degree of competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude The processing will be done with the usage of SPSS.Scope and RestrictionThe chief intent of the survey is to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the radiographic competency of radiologic engineers on exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. Furthermore, the research workers will besides seek to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competency between radiologic engineers ‘ profile and bureau. The research workers will use the three competences viz. : Knowledge, Skills and Attitude. The survey is limited merely to six health care establishments in Davao, Digos and Tagum City with the following profile:Name of Hospital Image Receptor AgencyAlexian Brothers Wellness Center Film-Screen System Private Davao Doctors Hospital Computed Radiography Private Davao Del Sur Prov. Hospital Film-Screen System Public Davao Regional Hospital Film-Screen System Public DMSF Computed Radiography Private SPMC Computed Radiography Public Furthermore, the survey is limited to skull and chest scrutiny. Since the survey discusses the quality and measure of radiation, nevertheless, it does non cover the radiation dose the patient receives. The survey merely focuses on the image quality based on the exposure techniques -kVp, ma and SID- selected by the respondents.Appendix 1: Communication LetterRaymund CS. Del Val Davao Doctors Hospital President Thru: Mirasol B. Tiu Director Human Resources Department Beloved Sir/Madam: We would wish to seek permission to carry on our survey in this establishment specifically in the Radiology Department. Our survey is entitled â€Å" Radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure Technique Factor Selection † . The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers ‘ using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we finally hope to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non. We assured that this information will be held in confidential and will be used merely to broaden the position of our survey. Your blessing on this affair will be extremely appreciated. Respectfully Yours,Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules King Defensor, RRTResearcher Researcher DDC- RT Department DDC- RT DepartmentTheresa T. Eguia, RRTResearch worker DDC- RT Department Noted By: Joshua P. Sero Dr. Lucila T. Lupo RT Program Chair Head of Research Dept.Appendix 2: COVER LETTERDear Respondent, We are the module of Davao Doctors College- Radiologic Technology Department and soon carry oning a survey entitled â€Å" Radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure Technique Factor Selection † The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers ‘ using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we finally hope to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non. Enclosed with this missive is a brief questionnaire that asks a assortment of inquiries. The questionnaire is composed of five parts. First portion is your personal profile. Second, is your establishments ‘ profile. The 3rd portion is a quiz-type that measures your cognition about exposure factor techniques on skull and chest scrutiny. In the 4th portion, we, the research workers will detect you based on your existent choice of the exposure techniques during the x-ray scrutiny. And in conclusion, we will be inquiring sing your attitudes and positions toward your current occupation as an RT. Your replies and responses are confidential and will be used for research purposes merely. We hope you will take a few proceedingss to finish this questionnaire. Without the aid of people like you, research on radiographic competency could non be conducted. Your engagement is voluntary and there is no punishment if you do non take part. If you have any inquiries or concerns about finishing the questionnaire or about take parting in this survey, you may reach us at 222-0853 local 107 or 09161932693 or you can e-mail us at danna_rrt @ yahoo.com. Sincerely,Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules King C. Defensor, RRTResearcher Researcher DDC- RT Department DDC- RT DepartmentTheresa T. Eguia, RRTResearch worker DDC- RT DepartmentAppendix 3: Samples of QuestionnairesDegree of Competence in Exposure Technique Factor SelectionEvaluation FormPart I: Respondent ‘s ProfileName ( Optional ) : ______________________________ Rating: _____________ Sexual activity: ______________________ Date: ______________ Age: _________ Number of Years in Service: ________Part II: Healthcare Institution ‘s Profile:Type of Institution: ( ) Primary ( ) Secondary ( ) Tertiary Type of Imaging System: ( ) Film Screen ( ) Computed RadiographyPart III: CognitionSKULL RADIOGRAPHYThymineFIn skiagraphy of skull, particularly for paediatric and geriatric patients, short exposure clip is required. 2. Use of grid is required in skull skiagraphy 3. In skull skiagraphy, wherein a smaller field size is required exposure factors may hold to be increased. 4. In skull imagination, a 15 % addition in kvp should be accompanied by half decrease in mom. 5. Skull skiagraphy requires a high contrast image, which requires a high kvp choice. 6. When utilizing a grid, it may non be necessary to increase the exposure factor. 7. When exposure factor is done with the usage of bucky, it is of import to see an addition of ma to keep the movie denseness. 8. In skull skiagraphy, the usage of medium kVp and short exposure clip and the highest possible ma is recommended. 9. It is necessary to increase kVp when an x-ray requisition indicates status such as: hydrocephaly, osteochondroma, and Paget ‘s disease. 10. A sidelong skull place will necessitate lesser exposure than PA skull X ray. 11. When tube angulation is applied during skull x-ray, there is an addition in exposure severally. 12. 40 inches distance is used during skull skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness. 13. Skull with injuries due to vehicular accident will necessitate lesser exposure factor. 14. ma is the factor of pick for skull process. 15. Skull process with air spreads due to trauma, kVp is the factor of pick.CHEST RADIOGRAPHYThymineF1. Aerated tissue such as lungs require high sum of exposure to enter appropriate degree of denseness. 2. The thickness of the thorax is normally measured with callipers as a usher to the proper ma choice. 3. In portable thorax X ray, the ma value is decreased. 4. Pathological status of the thorax may non be taken into history in gauging the electromotive force value. 5. To find farther the pathology emphysema the usage of lower kVp exposure requires. 6. By and large, kV should be high plenty to ensue in sufficient contrast to show the many sunglassess of grey needed to visualise the finer lung markers. 7. Chest skiagraphy requires the usage of high mas and long exposure clip to minimise the opportunity of gesture and attendant loss of unsharpness. 8. Chest transcending 30cm in thickness requires an addition non merely in ma but besides in kVp 9. In pleural gush, normal thorax technique will ensue in underexposed image. 10. 72 inches distance is officially use during chest skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness. 11. In chest x-ray utilizing air spread technique, normally gives lower patient dosage. 12. Chest is considered as a low contrast anatomy. 13. In patients with pneumonia, it is ever appropriate to diminish exposure techniques. 14. In patients with pneumothorax, it is ever appropriate to increase exposure techniques. 15. By and large, as grid ratio additions, patient dosage will diminish.Part IV: SkillsExposure Technique Factor SelectionMarkDid the engineer usage calliper to mensurate the thickness of the portion? ( to use appropriate kVp ) 1 point. 2. Make the engineer suitably use radiographic grids? 1 point. 3. Make the engineer collimate the portion of involvement? ( collimation reduces spread radiation therefore provides high contrast image ) 1 point. 4. Make the engineer usage appropriate source-to-image distance ( SID ) ? 1 point.Radiographic ImageIs the radiogram acceptable in footings of contrast? 2 points. ( 2- acceptable 1- moderate 0- unacceptable ) Is the radiogram acceptable in footings of denseness? 2 points. ( 2- acceptable 1- moderate 0- unacceptable ) Is the image decently collimated? 1 point Is there a presence of image fuzz? ( Long exposure clip contributes to image fuzz ) 1 point.EntirePart V: AttitudeFor Film-Screen user:Film-Screen SystemStrongly AgreeAgreeIndifferentDisagreeStrongly Disagree1. Film-Screen imagination system still is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality radiogram. 2. Film-Screen imagination system gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system. 3. Film-Screen imagination system is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique. 4. Since I can non pull strings the image in a Film-Screen system, I should be precise in choosing kVp and ma in every scrutiny. 5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 7. I normally choose high exposure factors in Film-Screen. 8. Collimation is really of import in Film-Screen. 9. I think film-screen bounds patient radiation dosage. 10. I feel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is great in film-screen system. For Computed Radiography user:Computed RadiographyStrongly AgreeAgreeIndifferentDisagreeStrongly Disagree1. CR is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality radiogram. 2. CR gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system. 3. CR is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique. 4. Since I can pull strings the image in a CR system, sometimes I am non certain in choice of kVp and ma. 5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 7. I normally choose high exposure factors in CR. 8. There is no demand for collimation since cropping is available during station processing in CR. 9. I think CR bounds patient radiation dosage. 10. I feel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is lesser in CR.Appendix 4: MentionBooksBallinger, PW, Frank ED: Merill ‘s Atlas of Radiographic Positions and Radiologic Procedures, Volume 3, 9th erectile dysfunction. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 1999 Bloom BJ, erectile dysfunction. Taxonomy of Educational Aims: Cognitive Domain. New York, NY: David McKay Company ; 1956. Bontrager, K, Lampignano, J: Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy 7th erectile dysfunction. Singapore, Mosby, 2010. Bushong, SC: Radiologic Science for Engineers: Physicss, Biology, and Protection, 9th erectile dysfunction. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 2001. Callaway, W, Gurley, L: Introduction to Radiologic Techology. Mosby-Year Book Inc. 1996. Cesar LJ: Computed skiagraphy: its impact on radiographers. Radiologic Technology 68:225, 1997. Dowd, SB. The profession ‘s hereafter: leading development. Radiologic Technology. 1992 Fauber TL: Radiographic Imaging and Exposure. ST. Louis, Mosby, 2000. Fauber, TL & A ; Johnston, J: Necessities of Radiographic Physics and Imaging. Mosby. 2012. Klieme, E. et al.The Development of National Educational Standards: An Expertness, Berlin: Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung. 2004. Lauer OG. Principles and Practices of the College-Based Radiography Program. St. Louis, Mo: Warren Green Inc ; 1984. More, C. Skill and the English Working Class, 1870-1914, London: Croom Helm. ( 1980 ) Piaget, J. La psychologie de l'intelligence, Paris: Colin.1947. Pizzutiello RJ, Cullinan JE: Introduction to Medical Radiographic Imaging. Rochester, NY, Eastman Kodak Company, 1993. Shephard, C: Radiographic Image Production and Manipulation. Nashville, Tenessee, 2003. Yumul, R. Introduction to Radiologic Technology with Science, Technology and Society. Manila. 2012DiariesSiddiqui, Nazlee & A ; Khandaker, Shahjahan. Comparison of Services of Public, Private and Foreign Hospitals from the Perspective of Bangladeshi Patients. 2007. Balasubramanian, Siva K. and Wagner A. Kamakura, August. â€Å" Measuring Consumer attitudes towards the market topographic point with tailored interview † , Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 26. 1989.Unpublished ThesissPabunag, Richard et Al. â€Å" Level of Professional Competence of Radiologic Technologist in Davao City on Factor Selection of X-rays of Skull, Extremities and Chest † . Davao City. 2008.Online BeginningsEnfinger, Jeremy. Subjects in Radiography. April 22, 2012 Medicalxray.com.cn July 12/2010 Dicomsolutions.com ( www.discomsolutions/ds-digital-radiology/acquire.html ) . 2011 Dilulio, Renee. CR versus DR: Which is the Techs Choice? ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medical imagingmag.com/issues/articles/2008-05_02.asp. May 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.libraryindex.com/pages/1831/Health-Care-Institutions-TYPES HOSPITALS.html † Health Care Institutions – Types of Hospitals.2007Appendix 5: BUDGETARY RequirementBUDGETARY RequirementManpower ( Representation fee/ Burden fee )Statistician 3,000 Research Adviser 4500 ( Proposal, Final ) Validators of Research Instruments ( 3 ) 900 Meals and bites 1500 Subtotal P 9,900Transportation system Allowance:2 Calendar months 5,330 Office Supplies ( booklets, paper, cartridge, ink ) 1000 A? of the Contingency Fund 1,623TOTAL P 17,853