Essay --

Coltan DowneyMs. Littlefield help Re chase Paper16 December, 2013Haitian Successhuman immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome has become so prevalent throughout the world that it is now rated as the second deadliest infectious killer behind tuberculosis. Over 35 meg people in the world are currently living with HIV/ assist and approximately 262 new infections occur e real hour. On the small-scale island nation of Haiti, in 2005, active 190,000 citizens lived with HIV/AIDS, which was approximately 3.8% of the entire population. Since then, thither has been a dramatic reduce in the percentage of the infected population. It has latterly been recorded that the sickness currently infects almost 120,000 citizens, which is precisely just everywhere 1% of the entire countries population. Since 2005, there has been more than a 47% decline in HIV/AIDS related deaths, showing that a country, suffocated by poverty, and sickness, as well as overcoming the overwhelming earthquake, can do approximatelything to level the infection rate of HIV/AIDS and raise awareness with subatomic to no medical technology or healthcare. Haiti also has a very unstable political center, which begs the question Why cant whatsoever other countries do the analogous thing?HIV/AIDS emerged in Haiti in the late 1970s, which was just about the same time that the disease started to break out in the United States. At about this time, in the United States, the disease was discovered in Haitians who immigrated to the United States in search for a better life. When this was discovered, the CDC (Center for Disease Control) did not want to believe that the disease that infected homosexual men and drug users in the United States was the same disease that had infected Haitian immigrants. In 1982 however, the CDC named four risk factors for the disease... ... password about AIDS all the time, but we can give you some good news about AIDS in Haiti. Yes the grade in Haiti have declined but not all of the news in Haiti skirt HIV/AIDS is positive. The rates have decreased but only mostly in rural areas and, children in Haiti are becoming sexually active at a younger age and only about 28 females and 15 males ages 15 to 24 are educated about HIV prevention. This lack of knowledge as well as the younger population becoming sexually active may cause the rates in Haiti to spike if the situation is not controlled or, if education is not a primary concern in the fight against HIV/AIDS in Haiti.Haiti has been a Top Prospect when it comes to countries fighting HIV/AIDS and has shown tell but the declining rates of infection may not last huge if Haiti does not keep up with educating the population on HIV/AIDS prevention.

Solar Energy Informative Speech

Heather smith Informative Outline Michelle Talasis Topic Solar Energy General habit To inform Specific PurposeTo inform the procedures of Solar Energy to my audience. thesisWhen all of our inbred fossil fuels atomic number 18 low or g hotshot, solar heartiness entrust be unmatchable of the leading sources of push that we exit need in the future. Introduction Attention Getter Natural fossil fuels, much(prenominal) as coal use for burning, oil utilize for bollocks upoline, and natural gas used to heat and warm houses, be a threat to the landed estate and everything in it. Fossil fuels pollute the air and they are non-renewable and non-recyclable.We need variant cleverness sources that are renewable and recyclable for our future existence. Unlike fossil fuels, solar vigour is renewable and recyclable. When all of our natural fossil fuels are scare or gone, solar strength allow be one of the leading sources of energy that we pass on need in the future. With all of the engineering we befool today, we stool develop different ways to use and attach these energy sources. Reason to ListenSolar energy is making a big impact on lives today all over the valet. The teaching of solar energy in all ways and technologies is making our world a cleaner, safer, and less dependent nation.A. Thesis Statement When all of our natural fossil fuels are low or gone, solar energy lead be one of the leading sources of energy that we leave alone need in the future. B. Credibility Statement My dad is an electrician that puts up solar energy plants for businesses. I had to research for this paper. C. Preview of Main Points 1. First I will explain solar energy technology and how it mass be used in houses. 2. Next, I will explain the uses of solar energy and how it will be helpful scrimping body of wet. 3. Finally, I will explain the bizarre uses of solar energy in conveyance of title and military weapons. II. Body A.People invite pull ind new technologi es for others to use in their homes, vehicles or buildings. 1. One of the technologies that mass have created to be energy efficient is the photovoltaic cells or solar cells which use solarizelight and convert it into electricity automatically. PVs can be used in anything from watches to an electric grid. They can also be used to provide energy to addresss where role lines can non be attached to buildings. Thermal technologies use the heat from the sun and use it directly in space or water warmth in homes and buildings or it is directly converted into electricity, says Fischer and Finnell.Thermal technologies are also used for agriculture needs that farmers livestock or crops require. With solar energy organism used in electrical, heating, and transportation applications, the idea for an energy efficient house would be more probable. Energy efficient improvements can cut energy costs by over 40% in most affordable hovictimization. They help reduce health risks from mold, dust m ites, ra wear, and combustion by-products and other contaminants. These houses have less condensation, and better moisture control and temperature. These energy improvements usually cost less than the savings they offer on public-service corporation bills.Increasing the value of a home is a great investment-paying high energybills are not. TransitionNow that I have discussed new solar technologies that people use in their homes, and for electricity, I will now explain the uses of solar energy in water. A. Solar power has helped with electricity and heat, but it can also help with the growing need for impudently-cut water. 1. Instead of using fossil fuels and electricity to desalinate water, engineers at the University of Florida have developed a system that uses a gravity-induced vacuum and solar energy. (Here Comes the Sun) The desalination of water is the same process as nature. . A U-shaped pipe is place in two different containers, one side in sodium chloride water and the other in fresh water. ii. A vacuum is wherefore surrounded by a circulator that heats the saltwater and the salt water is hence evaporated. iii. The evaporated steam is then condensed and finally the fresh water drips down into a tank. This system have been turn out to be 90% efficient, while the solar stills only proved to be 50% efficient. Water has been desalinized by solar power for more efficient and inexpensive drinking water and fresh water supply, but it is also being detoxified by solar power for other usages around the house.Detoxification of water by solar power has proved to be one of the most promising methods to disinfect water, an earth-friendly operation and it does not create harmful emissions. One way was ZED or vigour Effluent Discharge, says Inamdar and Singh. i. ZED disposed of inadequately cleaned waste water that is muddy fresh water resources, the waste water will recycle water properly if it is forced to generate fresh water from the waste water genera ted by them, and it is economical to use recycled water than to pay for consuming fresh water and wasting waste water.TransitionNow that we have learned the uses of solar energy in water, I will explain the uses solar energy in military weapons and transportation. Solar power is being used for disinfecting water and electricity, but for transportation and military weapons? 1. Solar power has been used in cruise sauceboats and ferries. The first boat that used solar power was in Australian waters that won a contract to build another(prenominal) ferry to carry passengers between San Francisco Harbor and Alcatraz Island, explains Thwaites, a science generator and broadcaster in Australia. i.The guy who built the solar powered boat is Robert Dane. ii. He wanted to build a boat that was powered by solar power and wind power. iii. He called it the Solar Sailor, which has an electric labour they can power to drive the propeller properly, meaning the boat will be more efficient and easy t o move and back up without stalling them. Solar Sailor technology also helped the Navy create UOVs or Unmanned Ocean Vehicles. i. These vehicles could be used to collect data for climate research, ocean exploration, offshore oil exploration and production and flat surveillance of pipelines and telecommunications.Solar power is also being used in the US Military and even some weapons too. The US Military have installed opaque and blue solar panels to use in solar-powered battlefield radios and even in tents with solar panels woven into their fabric to power military equipment, says John Naish, an environmental campaigner. The solar panels are also being used for sensors and radars, which saves troops from being predictable targets when they regularly refuel generators. I. Conclusion Review of Main Points Today, I explained how solar energy technology can be used in houses.Second, I discussed the uses of solar energy and how it will be helpful saving water. Finally, I talked about the unique uses of solar energy in transportation and military weapons. Restate ThesisWhen all of our natural fossil fuels are low or gone, solar energy will be one of the leading sources of energy that we will need in the future. Closure If we dont continue to develop different ways and technology to fall our needs on all of our natural fossil fuels, water, natural gas, and the environment, we will soon be living in our own human and machinelike waste.

Police Report

law of nature Report Tomas Gonzalez, University of Phoenix CJA/304 February 26, 2013 Oscar N. Ruiz Police Report There are mixed types of conversation used through the criminal justice process, considering the witness, prosecution, judge, and falsifying they every last(predicate) bring on their let element of communication to get their message crosswise effectively and to prove their point. Communication for Prosecution and Defense The type of communication used by the prosecution or demur is typically much formal than informal and consists mainly of verbal communication.Non-verbal communication becomes more habitual when arguing points in front of a jury. The prosecution whitethorn unfold a deal or plea bargain to the defense in an effort to avoid the expense and quantify involved with a trial. If a deal is not offered or reached, it is likely that the shield pull up stakes go to trial. At trial, the judge governs the communication by either the prosecution or the defe nse. Each party may object to something utter by the other(a) and the judge will rule on if the information is acceptable. The both parties will argue their case to the jury and in doing say may bemuse use of non-verbal communication to try and sway the jury.I like to view it as the difference between an actor acting as though they choose tripped (verbal communication) and someone such as Jerry Lewis or Jim Carey utilize their physical learning ability to exaggerate or enhance the trip (non-verbal communication). Communication for the Witness and measure The Judge uses both oral and written forms of communication, written forms normally go to the juries which involve instructional sheets on how to be a proper(a) juror and written paper work between both prosecution and defense attorney which can be anything from a warrant to a security amount.A judge also listens to the oral statements during the case to ensure the case is handled proper and asks questions or controls th e prosecution or defense when needed. A judge may also give instructions to the jury during the case, such as acknowledging a piece of evidence or dismissing one, or dismissing a statement that may contaminate the case and jury. The judge may also hold a soul in contempt for acting out in a courtroom or delaying the case, the judge will also make hatchway and closing statements addressing all those in the courtroom.The Witness will be using oral forms of communication. A witness is a person that has knowledge of the case they are involved in. Their testimony can either help or hurt a defendant. Both the prosecution and defense have witnesses. pen and oral communications are used within the courtroom in the Minnesota v. riff case. In this case the prosecution has many witnesses that have information implementing Riff for the crime. Once the prosecution asks their questions the defense then has their turn.The defense attorney asks the witnesses questions in regards to what they sa id when the prosecution asked them questions and they also ask the witnesses their own questions. The defense attorney tries to pick apart the witnesses stories to help his client. The witnesses for the defense team up usually tell a different story from the prosecution witnesses. The prosecution then has their time to cross examine. The written communications that are usually presented are the statements that are gathered at the time of the incident.When witnesses are runner questioned at the scene they give information such as the time of the incident, exact details of what happened, and where it happened. Police Report S-3839410 BURGLARY ASSIGNMENT/ARRIVAL At 0030, officer Terry Schield was dispatched to investigate a burglary call at Marquettes Market, which is on the corner of Main Street and First Street in Midtown, Minnesota. INVESTIGATION Officer Terry Schield began his investigation of the burglary and discovered the following The overturn door lock of Marquettes Market had been implike open with a heavy blunt object.The cash register drawer had been similarly smashed open and was empty except for $7. 83 in coin and two checks (one for $10. 00 and the second for $5. 80) In the alley next to the store, Officer Terry Schield build a heavy hammer with fingerprints wiped clean. COMPLAINTANTS STATEMENT Speedy Marquette the store possessor said that $910. 00 had allegedly been taken from the cash drawer of the register. The money had been placed in a erythema solare cash cup of tea labeled Midtown State coin bank. The alleged burglary would have had to occur between 0000 and 0025. In the $910. 0 was a Canadian five-dollar bill. WITNESSS STATEMENT Outside of the Marquette Market Officer Terry Schield found Soapy Waters, the janitor at Mickeys diner and Otis Ripple, the baker at Midtown Bakery. Mr. Waters verbalise that he had seen Ronnie Riff in the area at about 0020. That Riff had been carrying a tan moneybag and had dropped two dollars from the bag. Riff was wearing blue jeans and a blue passel jacket. Mr. Ripple the nighttimeshift baker at Midtown Bakery stated that around 0015 he had seen someone exit the grocery by the piece door.The person threw something into the side alley east of the store. Officer Terry Schield took Mr. Ripple to the status and Mr. Ripple found the hammer. When Officer Terry Schield asked to identify who was at the rear door of Marquette Market Mr. Ripple refused to identify the person he dictum. rusty Fender owner of Rustys Auto Body had to snug his shop at 0030 because he misplaced his hammer. He stated that at 0000 he had seen Riff behind the Fenders Body Shop. Mr. Fender identify the hammer found in the side alley east of market as his.Melvin Strongarm stated he played poker with Riff the night of the alleged burglary and stated that Riff won $200. 00 that night. At 0025, Betty Biddy take in at Midtown Memorial Hospital and neighbor of Ronnie Riff stated she saw Riff toss away a tan ba g. She stated the bag was labeled Midtown State Bank. The bag has not yet been found. C. lemonlike owner of Sharps Music Store stated Ronnie had purchased a guitar for $875. 00 from Sharps Music city. Riff paid cash and tried to include a Canadian five-dollar bill in the payment.Guido Concertino owner of the Midtown move joke stated Riff practiced on the guitar worth $900. 00 at the Midtown Dance Magic. References Rights of the Accused Minnesota v. Ronald Rif A Criminal Mock Trial. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//sharepdf. crystalize/view/59954/minnesota-v-ronald-riff-a-criminal-mock-trial Wallace, H. & Roberson, C. (2009). Written and interpersonal communication Methods for law enforcement (4th ed. ). hurrying Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall.

Free Speech in Schools Essay

The rectify to publish material on ones My Space net in father page is a innate dismantle up contained in the Bill of Rights. The right to barren spoken language is contained indoors the first Amendment to the US Constitution one of the main Amendments contained in the Bill of Rights. The first Amendment provides as follows Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the dispatch exercise thereof or abridging the exemption of patois, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. granting immunity of speech is married to granting immunity of deportion and recognizes the right to ordinaryly express ones thoughts, ideas and opinions without fear of censorship and/or punishment. The right to extra speech however is non all encompassing and does perplex its limitations much(prenominal) as obscenity and defamation at heart the universal broadcast arna . An proterozoic test for restrictions on free speech was formulated in the caseful of Schenck v. United States. Although the circumstances of the right to freedom of speech arose during World contend 1, the formulated test is applic adapted in an appropriate case.In the Schenck case, the appellant mailed flyers out to draftees urging that they do not submit to intimidation. The missive was taken to mean a direct hear by Schenck to discourage and obstruct recruitment. Sir Oliver Wendall Holmes, in delivering the unanimous decision of the US compulsory tap held that the question in every case is whether the words utilize be used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and salute danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is against this background that freedom of speech in relation to restrictions on a scholars display of drug or crime syndicate related material on his or her My Space web site.Generally, a restriction of a pupils right to publish material such as the rails policy against publishing drug or multitude related material on his or her My Space website is a violation of their starting Amendment free speech rights. However, as will be discussed, underground drills have no legal obligation to comply with the First Amendment and are at liberty to implement policies such as the no drug, no gang related online populaceations by the bookman eubstance.Challenging large-minded destination Restrictions/Plan Ordinarily, a challenge to an infringement of ingrained rights eject be pursued through the Federal move system which has jurisdiction over all issues relating to the constitution. For reasons that will be discussed later, this might not be the appropriate avenue to pursue in respect of backstage nurtures since they do not come under the Federal Government and are not bound as the Government is in respect of preserving the integrity of the US Con stitution. Students wishing to challenge the directs no drugs, no gang publications whitethorn pursue a number of alternative courses of action.They nates unspoiled the assistance of the media and various well-behaved Rights groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union. The general idea is to promote the heartion that a school as a place for learning and maturity has a duty to hear disciples to respect the provisions of the US Constitution and whatever policy within a school system that contravenes a students constitutional rights contradicts the schools duty. However, this can be countered by the school contention that it has a right to promote a certain image of its good code and that a students publication of what amounts to base principles is variable with the schools imageCertainly students can make a case challenging the schools hard stance against online publications containing drug and gang-related material. However, whether or not they will be successful is another matter entirely. It is therefore important to examine what constitutes infringement of freedom of speech with a view to identifying which school policies and practices constitute a violation of the First Amendment forrader pursuing media watchfulness. At the end of the day, a private school has a right to set policies and principles for its students and can enforce them.The question of fairness within the private school system is not a matter for the courts as will be borne out in the following passages. Freedom of obstetrical delivery in High schooldayss Whether or not the proposed restrictions on My Space websites constitutes a violation of the students right to free speech has already been in straightaway determined by the Federal motor hotels. The US Federal judgeship system has decided on issues of freedom of speech within the public school system. There have been three cases of significance to the first amendment and its cover to public schools.They are chub ma ckerel v Des Moines Independent union cultivate partition, Bethel civilize District No. 403 v. Fraser, and Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier. In Tinker v Des Moines Independent Community School District 393 U. S. 503, 89 S. Ct. 733 (1969) determined the issue of freedom of tone which is closely tied in with the principle of free speech. In this case, students in an expression of disenchantment with the Vietnamese war wore certain armbands to school. When they were asked to remove the armbands and refused to do so they were suspended. They were not permitted to return to school unless and until they removed their armbands.The students refused to subscribe to the demands and as a result were suspended for an indefinite period. In an action brought by several(prenominal) of the students involved, the court of first instance rule in favor of the schools politics. On appeal to the Eight go greet of invoke the lower courts ruling was affirmed. The students appealed to the US autonomous butterfly which held that it can hardly be argued that either students or teachers tramp their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the school day gate. Moreover, the US irresponsible Court added that In our system, state-operated chools may not be enclaves of totalitarianism.School officials do not possess absolute authority over their students. Students in school as well as out of school are . persons under our Constitution. They possess fundamental rights which the State must respect, just as they themselves must respect their obligations to the State. Be that as it may, the US Supreme Court set boundaries which have subsequently been upheld.The US Supreme Court set forth guidelines pertaining to a students right to freedom of speech in the following terms- If he does so without . aterially and comfortably interfering with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the exertion of the school and without colliding with the rights of others. . . . Conduct by the student, in class or out of it, which for any reasonwhether it stems from time, place, or example of behavior materially disrupts classwork or involves substantial disorder or violation of the rights of others is, of course, not immunized by the constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech. The US Supreme Court therefore held that the action of the students involved was proper in all the circumstances.The court would only recognize and indorse restrictions on freedom of speech when the conduct was potentially disruptive by those participating in it. In Bethel v. Fraser however, the US Supreme Court held that rules and regulations prohibiting the use of obscene linguistic process would not prohibit a students First Amendment right to free speech.The US Supreme Court ruled that the schools, as instruments of the state, may determine that the essential lessons of civil, mature conduct cannot be conveyed in a school that tolerates lewd, indecent, or offensive speech and conduct such as that indulged in by this confused boy . . . A high school assembly or classroom is no place for a sexually explicit monologue directed towards an unsuspecting audience of teenage students. Accordingly, it was utterly appropriate for the school to disassociate itself to make the point to the pupils that vulgar speech and lewd conduct is wholly inconsistent with the fundamental values of public school education. In Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier 484 U. S. 260, 108 S. Ct. 62 (1988) the US Supreme Court ruled that a school was at liberty to edit the content of a students speech appearing in a school sponsored publication, to wit a newspaper. In distinguishing this case from the Tinker decision, the US Supreme Court explained that the Tinker case was decided on the propriety of muting a student in his freedom of expression so to speak. Whereas, in the Hazelwood case, the Court was dealing with a school-sponsored newspaper which presupposes that it is publish ed with the schools approval.The court explained its position as follows- The standard articulated in Tinker for determine when a school may punish student expression need not also be the standard for determining when a school may refuse to lend its name and resources to the dispersal of student expression. Instead, we hold that educators do not offend the First Amendment by exercising editorial control over the style and content of student speech in school-sponsored expressive activities so long as their actions are reasonably related to lucid pedagogical concerns.In making a decision in Poling v. Murphy 872 F. 2d 757 (6th Cir. 1989) the 6th Circuit Court of Appeal reconciled the rationale behind the three US Supreme Court decisions cited above. In this case, Poling, a student at Unicoi County High School in Tennessee delivered a campaign speech in support of his attempt to be elected president of the schools student council. The speech was given at the schools assembly at which student attendance was mandatory unless an excused absence was previously obtained.Prior to delivering the speech, Poling was involve to submit the speech to faculty members for approval. The faculty members reviewing the speech said that they would O.K. the speech provided Poling removed a sentence which referred to the schools constrict grip. Poling did not do as advised and in fact he revised the sentence in question in such a way that he added to it making comments in persona to an assistant question that was described by the principal as inappropriate, disruptive of school discipline, and in bad taste. As a result the school removed Poling from the electorate intend of candidates and he took the matter to court.The court at first instance ruled in favor of the school district and Poling appealed to the 6th Circuit Court of Appeal. The appellate court in referring to ruling in Tinkers case said that tt is true, to be sure, that students do not . shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schooltime gate,. and . school officials do not possess absolute authority over their students.. . . It also remains true, however, that the Federal Constitution does not compel . teachers, parents, and elected school officials to surrender control of the American public school system to public school students.. . . . Limitations on speech that would be unconstitutional outside the schoolhouse are not necessarily unconstitutional within it. The 6th Circuit Appeals Court went on to state that had Poling been permitted to make his speech in the sort that he would have liked to it would have given rise to legitimate pedagogical concerns. ecause . the art of stating ones views without indulging in personalities and without unnecessarily hurting the feelings of others surely has a legitimate place in any high school curriculum. . . The general position here is that although the First Amendment is directly applicable in the public schoo l system, the Federal Court outline does permit public schools to restrict free speech among the student body when free speech threatens to undermine disciplinary and educational principles.Therefore private to whom the First Amendment do not apply will have even more leeway in restricting a students online publications. A Students First Amendment Right to Free Speech and Online Publications Generally speaking a students off campus conduct is not a matter for school officials provided it does not fail the Tinker material disruption test. The publication must also be able to stand up to the Hazelwood test which will permit censorship if the material appears on a school sponsored website.However, in a private boarding school, students are rarely off campus and drawing the line can be difficult. As long as the student is in the address of the school he is subject to the schools regulations. In American Public School Law by Alexander and Alexander reference is made to the case of Beus sink v. Woodland R-IV School district. In this case, Beussink, a student published a personal webpage on his own computer where he referred to the schools authorities in vulgar terms. The webpage was somehow brought to the attention of the schools authorities and Beussink was subsequently suspended.He challenged his suspension via the US District Court. It was held that the suspension was unconstitutional and contravened the students right to free speech. The presiding judge went on to say that the high schools authorities failed to demonstrate that the suspension was caused by something more than a mere appetency to avoid the discomfort and unpleasantness that always accompany an unpopular viewpoint. It has been held that off-campus communications via the internet that constituted a true threat can be train by the school district.However, in order for the true threat to come under the schools jurisdiction it must have a nexus with the school itself. When an off campus communicat ion does not contain a threat but nevertheless has a nexus with the school, whether or not the school can restrict that communication will have to examined in the context of the Tinker decision namely the communication will have to be materially and substantially interferes with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school.

Importance of Value Based Education Essay

In the present era of reading assisted by ultramodern technology, we are inclined more towards knowledge and ranks in the inquiry than application of learning in our day-to-day flavour. Theodore Roosevelt warns, To educate a while in mind and not in morals is to educate a menace to bon ton. It is a lamentable fact that in the prevalent scenario of gentility, the absolute majority of the teachers as well as the taught have turned into grades-oriented and marks-oriented individuals overlooking and undermining the vizor affair of education i.e. refinement of ethics, purification of soul ad understanding of human intellect. More sadly, in the pursuit of degree-oriented education, we have, wittingly or unwittingly, failed to co-ordinated the learning of moral and ethical value to our studies for the positive nourishment of our character. The regress in the present day life, the demoralization of public and private life and the utter disregard for values, are all traceable to th e fact that moral, spiritual and spiritual education has not been given due place in the educational system. (Rena, Ravinder 2006)In a broader view, as the outcome of education, we are producing prospering professionals obsessed with material pursuits, who fail as considerate, altruistic and humane muckle. all in all remiss of philanthropic and humanitarian element of their work, these professionals are content with the achievement of absolute luxury as well as authority as being the radical purpose of their studies. This kind of attitude is the result of the forgetful and inadequate execution of the abilities of teachers and teacher-educators. Thereby, most of the existing students indulge themselves into anti-social and unethical transaction in their futures endeavours. Unfortunately, education is becoming more or less secular and the value traditions are being slowly given up. (Erwin, 1991) We, n iodinetheless, have magazine to redress our wrongs and set right our shortcom ings. In this regard, the curriculum and teachers play a pivotal role. Curriculum must contain distinctive instructions for the values associated with each lesson.The teachers, on the other hand, must explain those values to the students and get on them to put the same into practice in their daily life. In this way, we force out surely bring about a positive change in the overall attitude of our students towards learning as well as society. Moreover, the students in the academic phase of their school life need to learn to be kind, compassionate and considerate towards their fellow beings. This could be communicated to them while article of belief Islamiyat, Ethics, Pakistan Studies, Science, English or any other subject of their interest. In addition to teaching students the periodical and chronological record of life and achievements of the successful and influential people in the world, the teachers must highlight the brighter aspects of their character which dominated their p ractice and performance.The students should be inspired to identify the positive implications of their study in their everyday life. In this connection, value-based education corporation not only improve a somebodys life but it can excessively advance society in the right direction. So, value education is not simply the tinder of education, but also the education of the heart. It is a necessary component of holistic citizenship education. (Rena, Ravinder 2006) This practice can be carried out while teaching students the arrangement of water in Chemistry, the teacher must talk about the worth(predicate) and use of water. The students can also be informed about the vastness of growing plants and trees in our daily life in Botany. With reference to their lessons, the students could be enlightened to show reverence to their teachers and elders and love their younger ones.Value-based education can also be a source of appreciation and promotion of ones own culture and history. More importantly, the students can probe into and gamble the eternal solace in Nature. In addition to that, they must flattery the creations of Allah and love both the creatures and the Creator. Besides integrating values in the provided curricula, the value-based education can also be featured in the co-curricular and extra-curricular activities. The special assemblies and functions could be arranged to instill the vital importance of fair and descent values. This could also be combined with the regular activities in the sports ground and academic contests. Sir Frances Bacon in his essay Of Studies says, Histories make men wise poets, witty the mathematics, subtle instinctive philosophy, deep morals, grave logic and rhetoric, able to contend.Hence, if we want to achieve the purpose of education in life, fortify humane feelings, alleviate poverty, bring quiescence and prosperity to our country as an educated and civilized nation, we must organize the constructive thoughts and attrib utes in our children vis--vis their academic and professional uplift to positively wreak their character as an example for others to follow. The teachers must also inculcate the bringing close together of peaceful coexistence with people from other cultures and countries. (P.L Joshi 2007) Therefore, we should integrate information, knowledge, skills with values in education and help students come together to bind this world in a peaceful harmony.

Aging and Cognitive Status

The following paragraph will identify the corporal manifestations of aging, thus illustrating the most commonly viewed perception about elderly forgetfulness. What is it only about and why and how does it affect human lives. This essay will resolving the question as to whether forgetfulness is a pathologic or biologic diagnostic of aging.The premise on which this paper operates on is the inference and personal notion of the author relative to the effects and conditions of forgetfulness, its impact to both young and white-haired alike.Aging is tantamount to the degeneration of all bodily plays, until such time when the function exhausts itself and degenerate. This is because the life span of the human cell only extends up to such time until it no longer regenerates.As we age, the usual optimal level of bodily functions that we have gotten used to begins to slow down. This also holds confessedly with the cognitive and tug functions. In the cognitive aspect, aging brings alo ng the tendency of memory divergence and focus. Older people sometimes finds it hard to remember events that took place in the past, even more so with events which took place just recently.Cognition wont be as efficient and sharp as it used to be. thither is the deterioration of vision and eyesight that sometimes causes a great regale of confusion among elderly and sometime the same culprit as that of accidents and fall.As for get functioning, there is the slowing down of bodily movements, as in the human face of slow movement. One of the possible reasons can be attributed to the poor vision, where in they move slowly because they can not see very clearly therefore requiring them to make sure every step they make.Certain cells in the oral sex die causing it to alter cognition in a musical mode also affecting other functions like the satiety, smack buds memory and etc.This is true to almost every human being, although the rate of deterioration may differ on a case to case b asis, depending on how the body has been taken cared for while in their youth (AAGP. 2004). Almost every elderly, experiences a authorized percentage of memory loss, deterioration of vision and taste buds, as wellspring as that of motor functions at certain point in time.Although, the hearing, memory, taste and vision loss is common among elderly, this can also happen in earlier stages of life, especially so with accidents causing injury or impairment to the central nervous system. Forgetfulness also happens to young people, which is especially true when there are a lot of things going on in a persons life.Sometimes, there are just too some(prenominal) things to take care of, responsibilities at home, in school, the family and even to self. Sometimes it is the multifariousness of lifestyle that causes this.Memory lapse can be a bothersome thing, further temporary they may be the idea of forgetting things can be so irritating especially if you lost it at the time it is most ne eded.The best(p) thing to do if this happens to younger people like me is to stop whatsoever it is that I am doing and concentrate, de-stress and relax, so that the thought comes back when the body is at the state of ease and comfort (Rauch. 2005).Reference PageAAGP American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. (2004). Geriatrics and mental Health factsheet. Retrieved online on 14 Feb 2007 from http//aagponline.org/prof/facts_mh.aspRauch, Kate. (2005). Why are many another(prenominal) elderly people forgetful? It may be the blues. A WebMDarticle publish in MedicineNet webpage last Jan 30, 2005. Retrieved 14 Feb 2007 from http//www.webmd.com/content/article/13/1674_50449

The History Of National Curriculum Education Essay

First and first-class honours degree, I am Rubatarshne d/o Vasu as a pupil from Kirkby International College would take this chance to show my profound gratitude and plentiful respects to my guide Mr. Danapalan for his model counsel, monitoring and modifyless encouragement through prohibited this assignment. The approval, aid and guidance take forn by deity towards my assignment alter me to finish my assignment successfully.I would also deficiency to thank my friends in assisting me by endowment support. In this assignment I accommodate micturate abundant cognizance and experiences. I call for increased my degree of say-so when I met headmistress, senior aid and instructors. As a here afterwards instructor, I besides learned that there ar two types of exertion that had been conducted in school which atomic number 18 school activities and folk activities. Besides that, a quick bond of relationship formed between me and my former instructors. I would wish to thank angiotensin-converting enzyme time once more to my lector for giving me a undertaking sing on home(a) Philosophy of charge ( NPE ) .Last, I would wish to thank to my instructors that willing to pass clip with me to assume on interview. Teachers much(prenominal) as Mrs. Vasugi, Mrs. Chitra and Mrs. Devanagi from Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil, Hicom, Shah Alam and Mrs. Rahinun bt Mohd Noor from Sekolah Kebangsaan Taman Uda, Alor Star, Kedah Darul Aman. I learnt about their guidance and development method which will be utile for me in hereafter.ContentSubjectPage internal Philosophy of preparation ( NPE )Elementss in NPENational platformKBSR AND KSSRSchool legal actionSport s DayMotivational talkQiamullailExcell planGotong-RoyongClass ActivityRole sportPlaying backsSpelling modus operandiQ &038 A A action mechanism wench BirdDecisionAppendixMentions1.0 National Philosophy of trainingEducation play a polar function in Malaysia curiously politically, economically, and s ocially of all time since the independency of Malaya in 1957 and the formation of Malaysia in 1963. Since so, several knowledge policies were being drafted and altered to run into the instruction demands of the ripe(p) deal of Malaysia from clip to clip. In 1988, National Philosophy of Education ( NPE ) was formulated ground on thoughts and rule of policy paperss. It is guide for all educational activities in Malaysia and sets the values and rules of the Malayan instruction system from primary to the third degree.( NPE ) make up of several elements to pose onward individuals who argon intellectually, spiritually, emotionally, and physically balanced and harmonic. The first component of ( NPE ) is instruction as an ongoing attempt that buy offing and reassigning cognition accomplishments and stately values which start from an early age boulder clay decease. It is hypercritical to determine ainity of kids which will help them to accommodate assorted types of alterations. Following, is ( NPE ) besides develop single potencies. Each human being has their ain hugger-mugger endowments which mess be nurtured and developed, abilities that should be tapped, and enhanced through societal fundamental interaction with surround. Belief and obeisance to deity is another component of ( NPE ) which 1 essential acknowledge the being of God and accept him as the Creator. Every person should be to the full responsible for his workss and actions. The last component is to produce forth knowing Malayan citizens. We as a Malayan citizen should hold extol for cognition and strive to further cognition and implement reading refining in our day-to-day life. So, it clearly shows that if each and bothone in the instruction frat uphold ( NPE ) when transporting out their undertakings with full duties, our educational ends will go world.2.0 National Curriculum on that point atomic number 18 tether clip types of alterations in line of business of muse such as gray-h aired primeval School Curriculum ( KLSR ) before 1982, upstart Primary School Curriculum ( KBSR ) and Standard Primary School Curriculum ( KSSR ) .Firstly, centenarian Primary School Curriculum. ( KLSR ) was apply since the state attained its independency. In 1960, the Subject Review Committee has been established is besides known as Rahman Talib Report. In add-on, this degree of instruction system is oriented to the eradiation of illiteracy. Traditional schoolroom is a topographic point where a base of pupils will travel along the acquisition unconscious process. In this type of schoolroom, pupils normally sit in the tramp of chairs and tabular arraies that be arranged line by line. For case, pupils who atomic number 18 pompous should sit at the back whereas pupils who are short or have hapless seeing should sit forepart. In conformity with the facets of Rahman Talib Report, all pupils moldiness go through in Bahasa Melayu public scrutiny which the paper is compose in Malay Language. It aims to further integrity among multiracial society.Following, is New Primary School Curriculum ( KBSR ) which was implemented in 1982 as a examine footing of new course of study. So, in 1983 authorities to the full implemented Integrated Primary school Curriculum which besides known as ( KBSR ) . The course of study propose found on three countries which are communicating, adult male and environment, and learning of single ( KBSR ) emphasizes pupils survey in group and interaction between instructor and pupils, pupils and pupils are genuinely stressed in this ( KBSR ) . In footings of learning schemes, student-centered is actively attack in the procedure of instruction and acquisition. This is beca practise it raises an provoke environment in schoolroom and stimulates the procedure of instruction and acquisition. The evaluation in ( KBSR ) emphasize in basic accomplishments ( 3R ) that pupils should be mastered which are unwritten, reading and composing. Students who could non get the hang any topics, the pupil will be sent to remedial categories. RemedialA categories are frequently used to emphasize the rudimentss in a topic such as math or lingual communication.Last, Standard Primary School Curriculum ( KSSR ) course of study design found on six spikes which are communicating, spiritualty, attitudes and values aaof physical and aesthetic development of humanistic disciplines, scientific discipline and engineering and visual aspect. From 2011, the primary school course of study start to use ( KSSR ) which involves alterations in design, organisation, content, teaching method, clip allotment, assessment methods, stuffs and direction of the school course of study. ( KSSR ) emphasized the usage of different learning attacks larning ( P &038 A P ) that give more accent and impact on pupils. For illustration, instructors teach the pupils by nearing to inquiry findings, solution and contemplate, constructivism, contextual, learning based on future and larning based on undertaking. thitherfore, the three elements of value was added and introduced in the ( KSSR ) the component of creativeness and invention, entrepreneurship, development and communicating engineering ( ICT ) .In short, alterations in the epoch of globalisation rent a alteration in the balance of the instruction course of study want ( KLSR ) before 1982, ( KBSR ) and ( KSSR ) .These alterations improve the quality of primary instruction to be more relevant to the challenges of the present and of the twenty-first century. It is really critical to oblige on activities harmonizing to ( NPE ) particularly in schools and universities and ushers to a standard course of study. By implementing the course of study efficaciously in schools, it posterior develop the pupils cognitive, emotional and psychomotor ( physical ) with other potencies ( JERIS ) in pupils. Here, there will be ambitious unit of ammunition among pupils to vie each other. By implem enting activities which are in incorporate mode will do the pupils to believe out of the box.3.0 School ActivityRecently, I have interviewed schoolmaster and senior aid in two schools which are Sekolah Kebangsaan Taman Uda ( SKTU ) at Alor Star, Kedah and Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil Hicom ( SJKT ) at Dengkil, Selangor. The intent of these interviews is based on the national course of study of the school which reflects the aim of ( NPE ) . Harmonizing to the interviews that conducted in both schools, I identify that there are two types of activities are unionized in schools which are school based activities and schoolroom activities. versatile types of performance that are organized in school align with ( NPE ) . There are five chief activities that carried out in school kindred Sports Day, Motivational reprimand, Qiamullai, Excell Program and gotong-royong .First and first, Sports Day is carried out during the month of February yearly. altogether the instructors and pupil from Standard 1 until Standard 6 are multiform in this activity. A few hebdomads before Sports Day, pupil start to give their names for participate events like laid-back wide leap, 100m race, shot limit and others. aft(prenominal) the school hours, pupils will get elaborate to pattern the activities at school field. The importance to form this activity is to develop pupils who are healthy. Sports understructure construct up musculuss and castanetss which finally will do the pupils to go healthy. Sports xxiv hours is the clip where pupil is taught and expose toA assorted types of athleticss and larning to be cooperate in squad games, be discipline as to follow the regulations for each game or athletics and so much more. Sports are a really healthy activity that can maintain away a mint candy of unneeded disease such as corpulent. Students can keep their in-person wellbeing which is aligned with ( NPE ) . This activity can assist to develop psychomotor accomplishments in pup ils.Another activity that was conducted in school is Motivational Talk which was given by the Sir Ismail who is one of the counsellors in that school. This talk is to provide the stability of pupil s emotions and self direction for their chastity. All pupils are involves in this talk and given cognition to fix themselves for tests. It is carried out in three stages which are larning techniques, clip direction and emotion control. Students take the importance make out characteristics and seek to better ego failing and doing utilize the strength to guaranty excellence in their pupils. This activity helps to bring forth pupils who are uplifted moral criterions and responsible which is in lined with ( NPE ) . Here, pupils can stabilise their emotions in a right way.Qiamulail is besides one of the activities that were conducted in schools. All the Muslims pupils were obscure in this activity while non-Muslims pupils were involved in Moral course of instruction. Muslims pupils stay ed in inn for one xxiv hours to finish their supplications. Their supplications will get down at early in the forenoon which is at 4 in the forenoon and ends at 5 in the eventide. This activity brings a untouch qualified religious life and is a manner to acquire closer to God which is extremely demanded. The pupils besides have an chance to construct the spirit of appreciating opinion and have faith in God. This activity mould pupils to believe in God as stated in ( NPE ) . In this activity, pupils can juicy spiritualty within themselves and avoid them to affect in immoral activities.Activity like Excell Programs which is specify by excess categories are organized in school. Engagement of all pupils is mandatory for this activity. It has two stages which are boring pupils judgement in each chapter and techniques to rejoinder inquiries. Phase 1 is to better pupils perceptiveness in each chapter so that they can understand and execute good in tests while stage 2 is to give t hem the correct schemes to reply the inquiries harmonizing to exam criterion. Phase 1 is make with the aid of instructors at category after completing each chapter. Phase 2 is carried out after the concluding appraisal. The instructors will give proper techniques of replying to each topic. Here, the pupils will get the hang the replying techniques when they were given to reply past twelvemonth inquiries and exercisings. Those pupils who improved in a peculiar topic they will be given payment by the schoolmaster. This will make enthusiasm in larning. Here, pupils improve their cognitive accomplishment which helps to bring forth pupils who are knowing and competent as stated in ( NPE )The last activity that was conducted is gotong-royong . The spirit of gotong-royong is a core group of civilization that pupils should follow. Students were divided into groups to clean different types of country in schools like filed, garden, schoolrooms, hall and others This activity was held to nur ture pupils to well-behave, co-operate with others, love and responsible to take assist of their school, and to give consciousness to pupils about healthy organic structure, head and environment. After the gotong-royong event, pupils will pick up trash on the floor anywhere in the school if they see it. It is of import that cleanliness and beautification will maintain the environment to be contributing and comfy so that the instruction and acquisition procedure would be more effectual. Besides, the activity really is in line with ( NPE ) which is to bring forth balanced person from the facet of emotional. They love and appreciate the school, the nature, have a sense of belonging and solidarity and in conclusion they will go mature in thought.4.0 Class activityBesides school based activities, there are besides schoolroom activities which are effectual to pupils. Classroom activities should be build chiefly on making chances for pupils to show and understand meaningful linguistic communication. However, the activities are based on form-focused direction and disciplinary feedback which is indispens subject for the development of pupils in the schoolrooms. Lesson program is the usher for instructors to fix activities for pupils and set assortments in put together to make merriment larning environment. The activities that conducted in the category are function period of play, compete games, spelling modus operandi, Q &038 A A activity and Lady Bird.The most interesting activity that pupil enjoyed is function drama. Role drama is an built-in put of the course of study for speech production and hearing. The usage of function drama provides pupils to develop speech production and listening accomplishments when they speak as a character, program scenes, use duologue and measure their ain public demonstration and that of others. For case, the instructor wants to learn about business. The instructor can inquire their pupils to give way a instructor, physician, tradesman, attorney and others. Here, pupils will brainstorm their thoughts to move as one of the business. Students get to wider their cognition and experiences when they start to prosecute with other pupils while utilizing marks, props, bill of fare of fare, and so on. The school instructor besides states that this function drama activity can construct pupil s assurance degree when pupils are brave to show in forepart of their friends. High moral criterions can be created among pupils to model good behaviour and bring forth personal wellbeing as stated in ( NPE )Another amusing activity that carried out by instructor in schoolroom is playing games. There many types of games that pupils participated which were saber saws mystifier, on-line synergistic games, term a twenty-four hours and others. These games are great exercising for encephalon. It helps the pupils to better their memory, spacial and pattern realization and spelling accomplishments. Game like excogitate a twenty- four hours can make a reading environment in the schoolrooms. Students were told to convey composition cutting during English category. First, pupils were given instructions by instructor to hang for word which they do non understand. After that, they have to look up for the signification in dictionary and build them into sentences. In this activity, pupils who collect a mint of words will be given award as a item of grasp. Besides that, this activity besides emphasizes pupils to read independently and wider their cognition in footings of vocabulary. Teachers and pupils are seting their attempt as ongoing attempt for excellence in order to bring forth knowing Malayan citizen as stated in ( NPE )Following, is spelling everyday which is conducted by instructor in the schoolroom. The most helpful manner of giving spelling is to compose the word down for the pupils utilizing the look, screen, write, look into modus operandi which is originally devised by Peters and Cripps ( 1980 ) . First the instructor writes the word for the pupils to look at the word and to memorise it. This can be done by following or copying it. The right version is so removed or covered and asked the pupils to compose the word from memory without any aid. The pupils spelling is so checked against the right version. If the spelling is right, pupils can mingle the word into their authorship. If the word is wrong when comparing the two versions, place where the job lies and reiterate the whole process. This scheme helps pupils to memorise the correct spelling by looking at the whole word. Besides that, it helps pupils to acquire the overall ocular form of the word which they can easy retrieve it. This activity helps to bring forth Malayan citizens who are knowing and competent as aligned with ( NPE ) .Another activity that can transport out in category is Q &038 A A activity which is base for inquiry and reply. This activity is organized it is easy to be carried out in the category but t he activity is able to make the two manner interaction between instructor and pupil expeditiously. The inquiries given by instructor require pupils to believe and able to measure what has been taught by instructor during the lesson. In add-on, the inquiries must be organized and good quality because it will assist pupils to sharpen their thought every bit good as to make more dynamic and effectual acquisition environment. For case, teacher gives inquiries sing on Mathematic topic. Teacher can change the inquiries into nonsubjective and subjective signifier which will measure pupils thought accomplishment. The decision of the activity is to promote pupils to believe creatively, advanced, logical and critical thought in line with National course of study which is to mold pupils behaviour and thought from the facets of rational.Last but non least, the activity that carried out in category is Lady Bird. This activity creates for pupils who are shadowy scholars. It is one the manner to catch slow scholars attending to analyze smart. Teacher lays a critical function here by giving eternal support to pupils as they can be a good scholar like others. First, it is conducted by supplying a text with figure of inquiries. The inquiry should change from 3 degrees of facets which are easy, mean and difficult. Students need to seek for cardinal words in the text and high spot or underscore the key features that enable them to reply the inquiries. Students who are fast scholar will be junior instructor for those who are slow scholars. Slow scholars will experience free to inquire inquiries or elucidations to their friends without vacillations. After this session carried out, there are slow scholars who are able to read after involve in this activity for three months and showed appendix in each school scrutiny. This activity persist in ( NPE ) by a least figure of slow scholars which will lend in bring forthing literacy state in Malaysia.5.0 DecisionIn decision the Natio nal doctrine of Education ( NPE ) gives a really large impact on the development of instruction that involves the ministry of instruction, formation of assorted new constructs in instruction, course of study, co-curriculum, schools, instructors and pupils. Overall this causes a great betterment of the citizen of the state as reference in the ( NPE ) in the formation of balanced and harmonious persons physically, rational, emotional, spiritually and socially, citizen that lives in harmoniousness, believes in God and others.As a hereafter teacher we should use ( NPE ) in learning and larning procedure so that it produce a better Malayan citizen.6.0 AppendixNameBIODATA176.JPGMRS VASUGI45 Old ages OLDSEKOLAH JENIS KEBANGSAAN TAMIL, HICOM, SHAH ALAMHeadmistress15 Old ages OF Teaching Experiences180.JPGMRS. CHITRA30 Old ages OLDSEKOLAH JENIS KEBANGSAAN TAMIL, HICOM, SHAH ALAMSenior ASSISTANTS5 Old ages OF Teaching Experiences184.JPGMRS. DEVANAGI35 Old ages OLDSEKOLAH JENIS KEBANGSAAN TAMI L, HICOM, SHAH ALAMENGLISH TEACHER10 Old ages OF Teaching ExperiencesDSC_0095 Copy.JPGMRS. RAHINUN BT MOHD NOOR58 Old ages OLDSEKOLAH KEBANGSAAN TAMAN UDA, ALOR STAR, KEDAH DARUL AMANHeadmistress38 Old ages OF Teaching Experiences

Critical Issue Analysis

University of Phoenix poppycock Critical Issue Analysis After reading the selected scathing issue, substance ab engagement the following questions to analyze the issue. Issue 3 Is Psychological query a Harmful Intervention for Survivors of Trauma? 1. What are at least devil facts presented by each fount of the critical issue? Devilly &038 cotton wool who confront the con side of the agreement present many different facts. deuce that stand push through is that psychological debriefing . . . more of a impregnable maintenance preventive qua gesture of employer affirm, rather than a clinical disturbance influencing distress and clinical symptomatolgy. Halgin, 2009, p. 68. ) Devilliy &038 Cotton also point to the fact it is a companys way to protect again unwanted litigation. By providing employees with psychological debriefing it keeps them from later having an employee suing the company for damages from the traumatic event. Mitchell points turn out that crisis interventio n is a support system for those who have suffered trauma. withal berth that for a fact that Critical misadventure Stress Management . . . schedule includes many tactics and techniques, scarcely it is not limited to. . . Crisis sound judgement work and strategic planning programs Family support serve Individual, peer-provided crisis intervention services. Pre-crisis education programs bighearted group crisis interventions The provision of food and fluids to work crews Rotation and counterbalanceing of work crews Advice to control condition staff and supervisors Small group crisis interventions Follow up services and referral services Post-crisis education And many other services. (Halgin, 2009, p. 77). 2. What are at least deuce opinions presented by each side of the critical issue? Con 1.They adopt that During measures of organizational upheaval and personal and interpersonal crisis, organization ofttimes access the services of psychologist to help mitigate the long-ter m consequences of these occurrences. Halgin, 2009, p. 61) 2. The claim that CISD and CISM may be peerless in the comparable or may or may not have a definite procedure detail it. . These controlm to be just claims and there is no evidence accompaniment the claims. Pro 1. That Mitchell claims CISM to be psychological debriefing, but then state crisis intervention is a support service, not psychotherapy or a put back for psychotherapy. (Halgin, 2009, p. 78). This claim to me states it is not psychological debriefing. 2. Mitchells opinion that . . . negative resultant role studies represent a hodgepodge of different types of intervention which do not equate the actual CISD but which loosely use the terminology CISD. (p. 81). This seems wish advantageously a personal opinion in that it the CISD did not work imputable to the ones development it not following the proper protocol. I would like to see how these other programs that did not work which he calls hodgepodge to see i f they did use it correctly or if he was maybe offended by it not working. 3.What are round of the strengths associated with the Pro side of the issue? What are some of the weaknesses? Mitchell strengths would be that he seems to be the leader in the Critical chance Stress Debriefing, as he showtime wrote about it in 1983. (Halgin, 2009, p. 78). Mitchells response to Davilly &038 Cotton is what their weakness was. They response to their statements, rather than spend the time to show how critical Incident stress debriefing or critical consequent stress management works in practice. I gestate that would have been a better response to Davilly &038 Cotton, so layout how it works, show examples and score some test study data. . What are some of the strengths associated with the Con side of the issue? What are some of the weaknesses? I believe the strength of Davilly and &038 Cotton was that they took the time to define and try to show the differences between Critical Incident Stres s Debriefing and Critical Incident Stress Management. As well as defining what psychology debriefing entails. Their weakness would be it was how to read, it did not flow easy for the readers and somewhat confusing. Also another weakness which was pointed out by Mitchell was that they did not seem to do much deep look into for other papers write on the topic. 5.How credible were the authors of each short letter? Explain your answer. Davilly &038 Cotton when to detail on what psychological debriefing was and how there are many different forms of it with Critical Incident Stress Debriefing and Critical Incident Stress Management. Also how these two really good-natured of play spate in hand and might be the same thing. wherefore it is hard to tell the difference between the two. They tried to rest d aver how these two systems work and the outcomes of such programs. Mitchell was credible in from the first paragraph notes that In 1983 I wrote the first article ever written on Criti cal Incident Stress Debriefing. . (Halgin, 2009, p. 78). Uses the programs during an event rather than after. 6. ground on the statements presented in this critical issue, which author do you agree with? why? While both(prenominal) sides had concrete evidence supporting their claims I imply I would have to agree with Davilly &038 Cotton. But can see how both work so I do not think one is better than the other. They provided more studies and data in comparison to Mitchell who just mentioned them. I might be swayed the other way if I went and did my own research.Also Mitchell noteworthy that they call it Crisis intervention is a support service, not psychotherapy or substitute for psychotherapy. (Halgin, 2009, p. 78) That sentence literally stuck with me while I read the rest of their response to Davilly and Cotton. With that statement to me it does not seem that are really using psychological debriefing. I feel that Mitchell is using a type of assessment to see who then haves to move forward with psychology debriefing. Also that critical incident stress management is a process which is use doing an ongoing traumatic event such as natural disaster.Without doing my own research on the matter on the article he mentioned I cannot say he clearly defended themselves. With Mitchells claims on critical incident stress management provides help during an traumatic event could be helpful, but I would like to see more studies on how it has worked or hasnt. Therefore I side with Davilly and Cotton more than Mitchell. While I do not feel psychological debriefing would work for everyone I am interested in the topic and feel more research is need to learn more about it. 7.Which side of this critical issue does present-day(a) research support? Please provide specific examples in your response. In my personal opinion I would think that contemporary research would support Mitchells claim that psychological debriefing is indeed a good thing. I think this to be true because of the being on hand during the event to help those who are facing the experience firsthand and how it leave behind relay to the aftermath and how and if treatment is provide for those victims and first responders after wards.

Indian Marketing Environment

Indian Marketing milieu Indian Marketing milieu For Global commercializeers India is non just a single country, it is further divided into tow divers(prenominal) countries. India and Bharat. India is tinted and appreciated by the whole beingness. It is growing at the second fastest rate, Its a outsourcing hub, handy addforce, Nuclear and space power and e reallything to be sleep with a world power. On the other hand, Bharat invovles p everyplacety, Illetracy at high takes, Corruption, Mismanagement, Violnce between releigions and like that. So in this way whosoever desires to bow in the indian market must(prenominal) ingest both the faces of this country.They should realize the serious challenges of doing business here like segmenting the market properly, Understanding countrys social and cultural issues, getting through governance beaurocracy and understading scotch and policy-making situation. thither produce been bunch of examples of companies who book tried to enter in Indian markets without taking c be of these issues and have failed badly. Now ahead understanding Indian Marketing milieu, it is Copernican to understand what is Marketing surround. M bekting Environment consist of factors and forces outside or inside the organzation that affect its business in the market.The trade surround is divided into tow different environments. 1) Micro Environment It consist of factors lose to the company that have a direct doctor on the organization strategy. This includes companys suppliers, distri simplyors, customers and competitors. 2) Macro Environment It consists of larger societal forces. And these argon beyond the control of the organization. These shape the characteristics of the opportunities and threats facing a company. For example, Economic, Cultural, Political, Demographic and Technological. Demographics EnvironmentIt is the analyse of the raftin monetary value of their age, sex, race, ethnicity, and location. Demographic cha racteristics strongly affect buy behaviour. The current creation of India is 1. 18 billion and it is the seond most populous country in the world next to China. And it is being projected that by 2010, it im spark off overtake china with 1. 53 billion. Obviously thats not a legal radical-fangleds just for marketers there lies lots of opportunities. Fast emergence of population accompanied with locomote income representation expanidng markets. And among this 1. 18 billion population, to a greater extent than 50% argon infra 25 years of age. and hat is the reason wherefore why tere is knotted ompetition in the atomic number 18a of soft drinks, networking sites, stylish fluid handsets, job portals and all. Estimated in 2008, around 71% population lives in rural areas so far after(prenominal) so overmuch migration to urban cities and that is the reason why low exist brands have started stoogeing rural cummunityites. They border Camps, Haat in melas to promote their products. Literacy rate, as estimated in 2009, for men it was 76. 9% and for women it was 54. 5%, thoug there is still wide gender disparity, but it has been observed that growth in women literacy rate is more than mens.So women is another(prenominal) big target for marketers. Specially for understructure based products, as we recognize women is the chief soul to select them for her home. Now, In India diffrent behaviour of diffrent age throng has been observed which is mentioned below. Adolescents The new-age teens are marketers delight. They do no earn but they are fond of cut downing. They spend lavishly on clothes, eating out, latest gadgets and are very keen t keep up with their friends in terms of possessions and lifestyles. They do not feel guilty of spending their parents money and put pres genuine on their parents to shell out money for them.They feel they unavoidableness to have a life of their deliver, and it should not be denied to them just because they are not earning. Youth The current youngsters are growing in a more media- enticed, brand conscious world thn their parents. Companies have to take their messages to the places where these youngsters frequent, whether on the internet, in a cricket stadium, or television. They do not judgement information reaching them but they will reserve their right to base their choices. They k straight what they want from their lives and the product or servies they buy.They hate to be persuaded and influenced. consequently companies would do well to leave them alone to make thier choices. They create their possess website, make movie with their own webcam, post their thoughts, pictures and writing online. Since they are sure about what they want, they prefer customized products and services. Companies are realizing that they have to provide roughthing unique and deep someoneal to in thier loyalty. plurality between 35 to 45 pack in this age group are settled in their professions and have toddle rs and growing children in thier home.The exert themselves in their profession because they realize that their move is likely to take off at this stage. They put in grand hours at office and they have to juggle endlessly between their responsibilities as spouses and parents and growing responsibilities at work. Parents may be staying with them or they may be living in different city. Income of the mess rises at a good rate and they are good spenders. somewhat of them may be acquire their nfirst car succession most of them thinking of upgrading their cars. They are also forthright to new gadgets for themselves and for house chairs.People in this age group want to live a good life and are constantly on a buying spree to improve their lifestyles. They dress well, dine out frequently, and look for opportunities to go on holidays. These days they are also keen to buy new houses very early in thier lives. They also computer program to retire early, and they plan thier finances acc rodingly. People Between 45 to 60 Some people in this age group are at the peak of their careers while some others are struggling to keep thier jobs. Children beome major priority for people in this age group.They spend less as they save resources to gunstock the higher education of their children. They are also worried about their own future and make a last-ditch efforts to put a privacy plan in place. People above 60 People in this age group live on a steady income. Some of them live with thier grown-up children and are part of their household. They do not spend much on themselves. Their family looks after their collectments. Most of their money spent on buying gifts for their children and grand children. They have to spend a substantial part of their payment on health-related issues and domestic help.Political Environment The semipolitical-Legal environment of a country is influenced by political structures and organizations, political stability, governments interventions, c onstitutional provisions, governments attitude, foreign policy. Businesses feel helpless in countries where contracts so-and-sonot be enforced by the judiciary of the land or it takes riotous clockin the judicial proceedings. Governments will need to provide an environment in which businesses can flourish. In turn, government inescapably businesses because the marketplace generates taxes. In this way government and businesses need each other.Also every aspect of marketing mix is posit to laws and restrictions. As in any part of the world, political influence is super essential to start a business in India. Especially if you are planning to start a multi billion business, some sort of political substitute is an absolute necessity. Not only for safeguarding the interest of the company but even to begin the process of getting the required sanctions, one requires hold in the high echelons of politics and administrative circles. Indian society is extremely plural. It is the bigge st democracy in the world with multi party political system.During the last equalise of decades, India has opened its market to world. It has absolutely become an open global market. Banking sector, indemnification sector and all fields of industrial and business are now open for multi national investment. Of course there are many obstructions to cross. And broadly all issues can overcome and establish business if you have the political patronage. India has a plural political system. With numerous political parties, national level and state level, it is very difficult to get a consensus among all parties for scratch line any business.Also these political parties have patronage of many factors, caste, creed and ideologies. There are political parties with left centric communist ideologies they are totally against direct foreign investments. But other parties, who are main popular opinion coalition partners, have right centric ideologies and open for foreign investments. In most of the states, mostly local political parties are ruling. Political parties require financial patronage from big business establishments. Many constituent states have realized the need for foreign investments in their state for a growth oriented economic situation.Hence the climate has changed a lot in India. So many privileges are offered to entrepreneurs to start business. With all these facilities, still political patronage is a must to start a business in India. eve after establishing the business, for a proper running of the business, political help is essential. It is in the main to sort out issues related to local taxes, labor problems and many much(prenominal) issues affecting the normal working of the companies. Some exapmles in which the government intermeddle has changed the way people did business India food items need to put unripened dot for all vegetarian items and a Red dot for all non-vegetarian items. each(prenominal) the packaged products need to have MRP( Maximum Retail price) on their package. Auto industries had to put in overpriced emission control in thier car-Euro II compliance popular transport in delhi like autorickshaws and buses have to use only CNG in place of Petrol or Diesel. Introduction of VAT in Delhi run batted in various guidelines to credit cards companies Introduction of 3G technology And very recently, India has asked border (Research in Motion), maker of Blackberry, to install its server in India for tracking its courier &038 enterprise mail services. nd if they dont do so, there services will be banned, which will affect their business in India. Social-Cultural Factors Social factors influence the products people buy, the prices they are willing to pay, the effectivness of speific promotions and how, when and where people purchase products. They change bit by bit and some changes will be imperceptible if not watched closely. That is the reason why it is most difficult variable for marketing managers t o forecast, influence and integrate into marketing plans.One thing India faces no competition is its varied culture and heritage. It has great innovation in cultural practices, languages, customs and traditions. In india people before starting a new business consult astrologers. Supersition are a part of life like they avoid eating non-vegetarian on Tuesdays referable to some releigious reasons. People here consider cows a holy puppet and it is worshipped and this is the reason behind failure of KFC in India in 1997 when they inroduced backbite items in their Menu. Values A value is a strongly held and constant belief.In India a persons values are key determinants of what is important and not important to him, how he reacts in a particular situation and how he behaves in a social situations. now educated Indian consumer do not tolerate ineffective products and sloppy behaviour of marketers. He has become more inquisitive, discriminating and demanding. Comapnies should learn t o expect tough customers. Time Starved Customers Today many customers place value of non-material accomplishments, such as having control over their lives, and being able to take a day off when they want.As work life gets longer andstressful, people are spending their leisure term recuperating. Casual Frdiays and Home offices are further blurring the boundaries between work and leisure. People will increasinly place more value on time than money. sextuple Lifestyles Today People lead multiple lifestyles. They choose products and services that sustain diverse needs and interests rather than conform to traditional streotypes. A person can be a teacher and also a a gourmet, fitness enthusiast and so many other things. Each of these lifestyles is associated with different products and services and is a otential customer for companies. This has summationd the complexities of consumers buying habits. A person may go on holidays to exotic holiday locations and may spend a fortune to tr avel, but may dine in very ordinary restaurants. Changing structures of Families The growth in the number of working women means an increase in dual-income families. These families have greter household income but less time for family activities. More working women has meant an inreasing demand for time-savng devices and products, particularly for th kitchen.It is being spy that cost is more prominent in deisions made by women, whereas feature is relativly more important to men. This will have important influence when comapnies foundation marketing mixes for products where the women is prime decision maker. Some examples hwo this factor has affected the market Hindustan Unilever limited markets different blends of tea under the same brand distinguish to address the regional preferences of consumers. Gits India specialized in supplying gourmet mixes to housewives, knows the render well of North &038 South India. MTV facebook, CNN, Discovery has completly changed the values of Indian consumers. Automobiles &038 redress companies potrays themselves as a family product in their advertisements. native Environment Natural environment includes factors such as seasonal variations, climatic differences, soil conditions and internal terrain. In consumer markets, the natural environment affects companies because of the differences in the nature of products bought by consumers due to variations in seasons and climate. In difficult terrains like hilly areas, it is difficult and expensive to get products to the customers..It becomes more expensive to crap distribution channels for companies whose target markets are geographically disperse. There are so many environmental issues in India for example Extinction of Tigers, Pollution in urban cities, pee shortages, Deforestation etc. So a company raising even a single issue could do well here. How can we leave behind to mention Ideas initiative to save paper by usine mobile phones. Its prominent advertisements &0 38 promotional campaigns has really catched our attention. Government also doing thier best to save our environment like PUC(Pollution under control) is must for all the ehicles, soap industry must have to increase its biodegrability, strict laws against killing tigers, encouraging use of solar energy in big government head offices. Technological Environment Technology is a good deal everywhere today-it has changed the way we prepare food, we buy our clothes, and we build our homes. It has changed the way we send our posts, we take our exams, we fill up our forms and the way we quicken to comfort and entertainment. Computers, the most visible impact of technology have come a long way from being huge machines locked up in a room to tiny palmtops with more features added everyday.It has all the functions of a calculator, a music player, a home theatre, a video camera and practically a better tool than a pen and a public opinion poll of paper. With more features and functions, compu ters have led to loss of jobs for millions. In this context, we can look at the impact of technology, especially computers, in the Indian context. Cloud computing, express over internet, online social involvement, 3G technology, E-banking are some of the remarkable technological improvements that has changed the lifestyles of Indian consumers. Today companies offering outdated or obsolete technology couldnt survive.People are demanding up-to-date gadgets and gizmos. And this is something learned very well by Nokia in India, which introduces new and innovative handsets every month. In case of banking transactions, Earleir people used to go to banks for each transactions. Then they start doing it over the internet at home or offices and today they are demanding banking on the move i. e. on thier mobile phones. Also IT sector has made india one the biggest outsourcing hub in the world. So basically if a company wants to survive and stay ahead in India market, it needs to keep develop ing new products through its R.Econmic Environment The economic environment can have a major impact on businesses by affecting patters of Demand and Supply. Companies need to monitor these indicators to survive in the market. Income of Indian consumer has increased and now they are more and more high example of living products. That is the reason why Harley Davidson, Porshe has set up thier showrooms here. After ostentation next issue is Infation which is rising at constant speed increase in prices of fuel, Food items has really impacted producers here.

Super Size Me

The movie starred and was directed by main(a) filmmaker Morgan Spurlock1. Spurlock undertakes to explain the rampant obesity in the States as a function largely of overdependence on convenience aliment and dine in quick-service restaurant chains.Spurlock strove to make his point by undertaking to contain only McDonalds products for a whole month. His stated goal was to check over the impact of fast nutriment, of which McDonalds is the archetype, on the epidemic of obesity (and associated unsoundnesss much(prenominal) as hypertension and diabetes) plaguing America. Prior to starting the experiment, Spurlock was physic exclusivelyy fit simply in the end, he had gained considerable weight and was showing early signs of wellness problems. The film presented its thesis in stark fashion eat immoderate fast food, get sick.Super Size Me employs the documentary stage that The Blair fascinate Project and March of the Penguins made famous. Basically, a camera followed Spurlock around wherever he went, chronicling his activities and feelings every so often. The film followed a chronological format that showed Spurlocks descent from fit and bright-eyed to miserable and overweight. Also included were interviews with nutritionists, doctors and separate people who helped shed light on the question Why is America obese?The device of eating nonhing but fast food may seem unrealistic. Or perhaps not how many of us would rationally avoid convenience foods if there was no one to fake breakfast or dinner? Do parents know what children eat all day long when they are away at college?Spoofing the fast food habit this way does serve to compress the timeframe, create shock economic value and teach by entertaining. One doubts that the audience would be as solicitous if a physician had delivered a lecture on video just about the ill effects of eating fast food for 20 or 30 years.Spurlock essentially consumed over 5,000 calories per day of nothing but on the face of it fat tening McDonalds staples Big Macs, French fries and soda. In his defense, Spurlock2 said he was mimicking the diet of a super-heavy user, Marketing vernacular for an avid patron. At the same time, Spurlock satirized the slothful habits of many Americans who do not care to exercise. Even if they did not consume McDonalds foods in the amounts he did, it is unlikely that they eat a balanced, nutrition-dense diet anyway.Despite the criticism level against it, Super Size Me remains shocking and relevant. Millions of Americans are undoubtedly attached to a diet of fast food that contains unwellnessy levels of sugar and cholesterol. As shown by Spurlocks own transformation, such relaxed eating compounds the problem by lowering the desire to exercise and be active.Naturally, the most shocking sight in the movie is when a complete physical examination reveals the terminus of his physical deterioration.The domino effect does not stop there. Obesity and privation of activity causes numero us health problems such as heart disease and diabetes. Already, a largely overweight generation of baby boomers has begun to overwhelm the health care system. For a nation built on the industry and creativeness of its people this truly bodes ill. 1 Super Size me Directed by Morgan SpurlockSpurlock, in audio commentary track 2 Spurlock, in the movie, and again on the videodisk commentary track

Organisation Behaviour

Option 3 esteem the statement that organisational coordinate reflects and reinforces an unrealistic view of human grounds (Knights & international international ampereere Willmott, 2007). Introduction Different authors work different definition toward organisational building. Mintzberg (1979) defines the presidency social government is defined as The sum total of the slipway in which it divides its labour into distinct task and hence achieves coordination amidst them (Mintzberg, 1979, p. cited in Knights and Willmott, 2007, p. 197). In simple words, organisational organize is talking close the grammatical construction of an giving medication, how a comp wholly categorise their workers or guidance to achieve their goals. Basically, transcriptional expression is talking about the counsel carcass that include perfect and mechanical worry system. In an system of rules, at that place leave be a diffuse of matters happened because of the placement socia l system.Hence, slew keep discover different shell outment organise to assist in organisational social social organisation corresponding Taylor and hybridisation that tempt the wanton-up construction by using scientific administration to classify the work of an face and condition the achievement of the shaping (Fayol, 1949 Taylor, 1911cited in Singh, 2009). Lewin (1958) cited in Burnes (1996) provided that the planned model that designed for the organisational channelise is the outgo model.However, is on that point any the cover versionper social organize for presidential term? When we treat angiotensin converting enzyme coordinate as the stovepipe construction for administration, we must withdraw the factors that leave behind commit the social organization no drawn-out relevant. Environment is the important invites that we disregard non prune about. The tender of milieu led the organization social system keep on changing. mavin of the sw aps in the bodily structure of organisational was from mechanistic solicitude system to essential management system.mechanistic and constitutive(a) of organizational structure be dickens officially form of management system that apply in organizational structure (burn and prowler, 1961). As what Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva (2005) claims that competition was changing from firm urinate to mesh light upology direct, which subject matter from centralisation to decentralisation. Changing Of Environment More than 2,000 years ag sensationness the classical philosopher Heraclitus(536-470 BC) claims that everything was continuous keep on changing and at that place was postcode constant (Smith, 2011).organisational structure is besides the kindred, there ar no the best structure for an organization since the milieu is keep on changing. There is no one and only(a) best way to organize and any ways of organizing ar non equally powerful (Galbraith, 1973 cited in Singh, 2 009, p. 954). Environment and organization are inter guessent, they depend on all(prenominal) other amongst an organization (pugh et al. 1963 cited in Child, n. d. ). Burns and stalker (1961) cited in Singh (2009) proposed that earmark organizational structure depends on environmental factors.Coulson-Thomas (1991) cited in Strachan (1996) argues that business organizational is increasingly face unparalleled diverge in social, economic, political and business environment. Burn and Stalker (1961) cited in McMillan (n. d. ) claims that an organization must match and follow with the rate of counter transfigure in its environment if the organization want to pass along a maximum murder or achieve their goals. The procedure of an organization depend on how they hit their structure to align with the environment (Mintzberg, 1979 cited in Nandakumar , Ghobadian and ORegan, 2010).An example that extracts the intensify of technology that led to the salmagundis of organizational structure, the manner of hardware and computer software developing resulted in architectures evolving over clock time, at the aforementioned(prenominal)(p) time organization structures actual special(a) forms to suit and fit their specific environmental and strategic requirements (Mukherji, 2002). An effectual structure or strategy washbowl promotes competitive advantage to change an organization performance (Oosthuizen, 1997 cited in Nandakumar , Ghobadian and ORegan, 2010 ) .Besides, there are a wide-cut range of structures given to an organization to consider whether which structure is conquer to them and bath align to the environmental factors that they face, they can choose the most some effective structure change integrity that fix to their different environmental chore face since there are no one universal structure that applied by all organization (Singh, 2009). However, when environment is change once more no matter due to technological or political fact or, organization take away to aware that whether their structure now is consists with the changing of the environment.If their structure is non the best in current environment, so they motive to revise their structure once again to get the most productive outcome. Otherwise, the change of environment whitethorn either get going to some benefit or harms to the organization. Thevenet (1988) cited in Sopar non (2011) imagine that the change of organizational structure is always beneficial. However, Sopar non (2005) cited in Soparnot (2011) argued that the changes of structure can change organization and it is risky and costly.In an organization, if they are manage according to pecking order structure, there are different aim of coach-and-four and different touch sensation towards the change of the organization exist, different bulk have their own idea, severally allow suggest different idea and this pass on wasting time and resources to adjudicate for it. Walston an d Chou (2011) said that the greater the differences surrounded by graded perceptions, the inefficiency of the organization change and effort.Therefore, there are no any best aeonian structure of organization, because the environment is keep on changing, what an organization can do is further keep on changing that align with the environmental changes. Mechanistic frame Mechanistic management system is consist of hierarchic structure of control, authority, peculiarity , differentiation and centralized purpose devising (Burns and Stalker, 1961). Hierarchical structure is parking lotly carry out in an organizational map form.Organizational chart carry us the management structure or vertical structure, how the organization manage according to different department, or specialization. During the mid 20th light speed there was a trend for organizations to create huge corporate structures, a practiced deal sedate of many varied and different businesses, for instance, the Hans on Trust, Unilever, Trafalgar House, and GNK in the UK and habitual voltaic in the USA (Mabey, Salaman and Storey, 2001 cited in McMillan, (n. . ). Hales and Rabey (2011) held that a good management is consists of specific byplay for specific soulfulness, trenchant role definitions for each channel, clear project specification and so on. It is talking about mechanic system of organizational structure. In the hierarchical structure, stopping points are make by top level and task are delegated to different department manager of shopping center level, and these managers will understand undisputable the workers under them is kept in term with them (Hales and Rabey, 2011).Since that are not a groupwork which they do not share common busy but they need to do more than the person who withdraw decision and thus pee them do not have any motive to do their best or produce the best idea. This may slip by because everyone have different perceptions. As mentioned earlier, the g reater difference between hierarchical perception, the inefficiency of the effort (Walston and Chou, 2011). When everyone have their own perception, but decision is not made by them, conflict will occur.Conflict usually occur in telling to decision and sometimes it may lead to threat (Beckhard and Dyer, 1983 cited in frank et al. , 2011). Decision making of hierarchical structure is in addition a spoil of time since there are different level in the organization, decision making need to go through from low to core and the top, it take time and waste of resources, when there are something happen between the level of authority, it need even more time than usual. Wang and Ahmed (2003) cited in Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva (2005) suck up organizational structure influence its decision making and the internal processes.Employees in an organization should not wait for manager comments or negotiations for organization rice beer (Kuitunen et al, 1999 cited in Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva, 2005). I n order to reduce the conflict of decision making of the hierarchical structure and waste of time, the changes of this hierarchical structure is needed. Burns and Stalker (1961) sidle up that in constituent(a) system, bit in an organization is separate by the expertise, whoever have greater expertise can lead the team and he or she will have the best authority.For mechanistic system, people who control the organization is according to standardization of skill, it is control by the person who have undergone extensive training and socialization (Friedson, 1970 cited in Abernethy and Stoelwinder, n. d. ). Burns and Stalker (1961) claims that the attitude of the attraction is settled by consensus via voting in an organic system. When the arrangement of the leader is agreed by voting, then it may consider modal(a) because there are no any conflict of spare-time activity exist. However, for mechanistic system, office of the manager is the decision of the top level management.Whe n the position of the leader is decided by the top level management people, there are variety exists. Guy (1999) highlight that the increase of earnings inequality from the fresh 1970s until now is due to changes of organizational structure. When the decision is not make the consensus of all but fair solely based on the top level management, it seems like it is unfair. The top level may choose the one that is beneficial to him or her and promotes him or her to get high position and this is not agreed by all. Organic SystemHence, Covin and Slevin(1990) cited in Altinay and Altinay (2004) claims that organization lots modify decision making authority, minimize the hierarchical structure and lease at large(p) flow communication channels to make sure organization achieved higher performance. When talk about decentralisation, actually it is talking about organic management system, Burns and Stalker(1961) said that organic management system is appropriate to the changing of enviro nment, he describe organic management system as a ne twainrk structure of control ,authority and communication, there are not alking about responsibilities of a person, but the responsible of the people in the network. Therefore, It is just like a team that achieve the same goals. However, the claimant that organization need to decentralize decision making was argued by Shields and Shields (1998) cited in Subramaniam and Mia (2001), said that not all managers accept the decentralization of organization structure because it will make outcomes of job unfavorable related such(prenominal) as low job pleasure. For example, as what we have study now, we are choosing courses of education according to our interest.It is also the same as career, we will choose our job according to what we examine or what we like, if decentralize means that they are all working together without departmentalize, then we might need to do the job that we do not like and make us do not have the flavour of sat isfaction when rushing for the work. Conclusion In conclusion, organizational structure is not fixed, it is not constant as all organization is using the same structure and monitor their work of organization.There will be no consensus on one particular structure of organization and thus make the organizational structure do not fixed. Actually, each structure will show their good and bad, when the structure is align with the change of environment or the structure is reach the consensus of all and thus achieve higher performance of organization, then this structure is consider as good. However, when the environment is change again , and people no longer agree on this structure, then this structure is no longer applicable , if this structure is insist in using, then it may wager harm to organization.Hence, there is no the best or the smartest structure for an organization (Mintzberg, 1979 cited in Wang and Ahmed, 2002). When the environment of the organization change, the structure of the organization also change according to the environment, this dynamism of the organization structure makes the organization do not have a fixed or constant strucuture (Martinsons & Martinsons, 1994 cited in Wang and Ahmed, 2002). No matter organic or mechanistic management system, as long as it is an effective structure that align with the environment, it will lead he organization to achieve superior performance. Organization structure do not fixed because mechanistic management system is applicable in some situation or organic management system is fitted in some situation or mixed of these two management system is necessary for some situation. In details, an organization can mixed the centralization and decentralization by apply both in their structure. decentralization can motivate employees to enable them showing out their original and forward-looking but not stop by top level manager.At the same time, some others part can be centralize to make sure employees follow the rules and regulation because some decision if freely make by employees on their own may create troublesome such as financing and investing decision. Hence, structure cannot fixed on whether it is centralization or decentralization (Buchanan and huczynski, 2010). Therefore, we cannot say that which structure is the best structure for organization because each of these structures play their own roles in different environmental changes. (2092 words) Bibliography 1. Abernethy M. A. nd Stoelwinder, J. U. (n. d) The kind between organization structure and management control in infirmarys An enlargement and test of Mintzbergs professional bureaucracy model, pp. 18-33. 2. Altinay, L. and Altinay, M. (2004) The influence of organisational structure on entrepreneurial penchant and expansion performance, foreign daybook of Contemporary Hospitality prudence, 16(6), pp. 334-344. 3. Burnes, B. (1996) No such thing as a one best way to manage organizational change, caution Decision, 34/10, pp. 11-18. 4. Burns, T. and Stalker, G.M. (1961) The management of innovation, London Tavistock, pp. 103-108. 5. Child, J. (n. d) Organizational strucuture, environment and performance The role of strategic choice, Sage Social experience Collections. 6. Frank, M. , Kessler, A. , Nose, L. , Suchy, D. (2011) Conflicts in family firms state of the art and perspectives for future research, Journal of Family trading perplexity, 1(2), pp. 130-153. 7. Hales, S. and Rabey, G. (2011) The frontline manager fronting up to organisational change, Industrial and Commercial Trainning, 43(6), pp. 368-376. 8. Knights, D. nd Willmott, H. (2007) Introducing organizational conduct and management, South-Western Cengage Learning. 9. Kulmala, H. I. and Uusi-Rauva, E. (2005) Network as a business environment experiences from software assiduity, Supply Chain Management An International Journal, 10/3, pp. 169-178. 10. McMillan, E. (n. d. ) Considering organization structure and design from a complexity paradigm perspective, rough University. 11. Mukherji, A. (2002) The ontogeny of information systems their impact on organizations and structures, Management Decision, 40/5, pp. 497-507. 12.Nandakumar, M. K. , Ghobadian, A. , ORegan, N. (2010) Business-level strategy and Performance The moderating effects of environment and structure, Management Decision, 48(6), pp. 907-939. 13. Singh, S. K. (2009) Structuring organizations crosswise industries in India, Management question News, 32(10), pp. 953-969. 14. Singh, S. K. (2009) Structuring organizations across industries in India, Management Research News, 32(10), pp. 953-969. 15. Smith, I. (2011) Organisational quality and organisational change Interconnecting paths to effectiveness, Library Management, 32(1/2), pp. 11-128. 16. Strachan, P. A. (1996) Managing transformational change the acquisition organization and teamworking, Team Performance Management An International Journal, (2)2, pp. 32-40. 17. Subramaniam, N. and Mia, L. (20 01) The relation between decentralised structure, budgetary participation and organisational commitment The moderating role of managers grade orientation towards innovation, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 14(1), pp. 12-29. 18. Walston, S. and Chou, A. 2011) CEO perceptions of organizational consensus and its impact on hospital restructuring outcomes, Journal of Health Organization and Management, 25(2), pp. 176-194. 19. Wang, L. and Ahmed, P. K. (2002) The Informal Structure unfathomed energies in spite of appearance the organization, University of Wolverhampton, UK. 20. Guy, F. (1999) Information technology, organization structure, and earnings inequality, Birkbeck College, Malet St. 21. Buchanan D. A. and Huczynski, A. A. (2010) Organizational behaviour, one-seventh edition, Pearson Education Limited.Organisation BehaviourOption 3 Evaluate the statement that organisational structure reflects and reinforces an unrealistic view of human rationality (Knights & Wi llmott, 2007). Introduction Different authors have different definition toward organizational structure. Mintzberg (1979) defines the organization structure is defined as The sum total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct task and then achieves coordination between them (Mintzberg, 1979, p. cited in Knights and Willmott, 2007, p. 197). In simple words, organizational structure is talking about the structure of an organization, how a company categorise their workers or management to achieve their goals. Basically, organizational structure is talking about the management system that include organic and mechanistic management system. In an organization, there will be a lot of matters happened because of the organization structure.Hence, people keep discover different management structure to assist in organizational structure like Taylor and Ford that influence the organization structure by using scientific method to classified the work of an organization and control the achievement of the organization (Fayol, 1949 Taylor, 1911cited in Singh, 2009). Lewin (1958) cited in Burnes (1996) provided that the planned model that designed for the organizational change is the best model.However, is there any the best structure for organization? When we treat one structure as the best structure for organization, we must consider the factors that will make the structure no longer applicable. Environment is the important influences that we cannot ignore about. The unstable of environment led the organization structure keep on changing. One of the changes in the structure of organizational was from mechanistic management system to organic management system.Mechanistic and organic of organizational structure are two formally form of management system that applied in organizational structure (Burns and Stalker, 1961). As what Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva (2005) claims that competition was changing from firm level to network level, which means from centralisation to decentralisation. Changing Of Environment More than 2,000 years ago the Greek philosopher Heraclitus(536-470 BC) claims that everything was continuous keep on changing and there was nothing permanent (Smith, 2011).Organizational structure is also the same, there are no the best structure for an organization since the environment is keep on changing. There is no one best way to organize and any ways of organizing are not equally effective (Galbraith, 1973 cited in Singh, 2009, p. 954). Environment and organization are interdependent, they depend on each other between an organization (pugh et al. 1963 cited in Child, n. d. ). Burns and Stalker (1961) cited in Singh (2009) proposed that appropriate organizational structure depends on environmental factors.Coulson-Thomas (1991) cited in Strachan (1996) argues that business organizational is increasingly face unprecedented change in social, economic, political and business environment. Burn and Stalker (1961) cited in McMillan (n. d. ) c laims that an organization must match and follow with the rate of change in its environment if the organization want to reach a maximum performance or achieve their goals. The performance of an organization depend on how they construct their structure to align with the environment (Mintzberg, 1979 cited in Nandakumar , Ghobadian and ORegan, 2010).An example that shows the change of technology that led to the changes of organizational structure, the manner of hardware and software development resulted in architectures evolving over time, at the same time organization structures developed special forms to suit and fit their specific environmental and strategic requirements (Mukherji, 2002). An effective structure or strategy can promotes competitive advantage to strengthen an organization performance (Oosthuizen, 1997 cited in Nandakumar , Ghobadian and ORegan, 2010 ) .Besides, there are a wide range of structures given to an organization to choose whether which structure is appropria te to them and can align to the environmental factors that they face, they can choose the most few effective structure mixed that fix to their different environmental problem faced since there are no one universal structure that applied by all organization (Singh, 2009). However, when environment is change again no matter due to technological or political factor, organization need to aware that whether their structure now is consists with the changing of the environment.If their structure is not the best in current environment, then they need to revise their structure again to get the most productive outcome. Otherwise, the change of environment may either lead to some benefit or harms to the organization. Thevenet (1988) cited in Soparnot (2011) believe that the change of organizational structure is always beneficial. However, Soparnot (2005) cited in Soparnot (2011) argued that the changes of structure can destabilize organization and it is risky and costly.In an organization, if they are manage according to hierarchy structure, there are different level of manager and different opinion towards the change of the organization exist, different people have their own idea, each will suggest different idea and this will wasting time and resources to test for it. Walston and Chou (2011) said that the greater the differences between hierarchical perceptions, the inefficiency of the organization change and effort.Therefore, there are no any best constant structure of organization, because the environment is keep on changing, what an organization can do is only keep on changing that align with the environmental changes. Mechanistic System Mechanistic management system is consist of hierarchic structure of control, authority, specialization , differentiation and centralized decision making (Burns and Stalker, 1961). Hierarchical structure is normally carry out in an organizational chart form.Organizational chart show us the management structure or hierarchical structu re, how the organization manage according to different department, or specialization. During the mid 20th century there was a trend for organizations to create huge corporate structures, often composed of many varied and different businesses, for instance, the Hanson Trust, Unilever, Trafalgar House, and GNK in the UK and General Electric in the USA (Mabey, Salaman and Storey, 2001 cited in McMillan, (n. . ). Hales and Rabey (2011) held that a good management is consists of specific job for specific person, clear role definitions for each job, clear job specification and so on. It is talking about mechanic system of organizational structure. In the hierarchical structure, decisions are made by top level and task are delegated to different department manager of middle level, and these managers will make sure the workers under them is kept in line with them (Hales and Rabey, 2011).Since that are not a teamwork which they do not share common interest but they need to do more than the p erson who make decision and thus make them do not have any motivation to do their best or produce the best idea. This may occur because everyone have different perceptions. As mentioned earlier, the greater difference between hierarchical perception, the inefficiency of the effort (Walston and Chou, 2011). When everyone have their own perception, but decision is not made by them, conflict will occur.Conflict usually occur in relation to decision and sometimes it may lead to threat (Beckhard and Dyer, 1983 cited in Frank et al. , 2011). Decision making of hierarchical structure is also a waste of time since there are different level in the organization, decision making need to go through from low to middle and the top, it take time and waste of resources, when there are something happen between the level of authority, it need even more time than usual. Wang and Ahmed (2003) cited in Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva (2005) highlight organizational structure influence its decision making and the internal processes.Employees in an organization should not wait for manager comments or negotiations for organization sake (Kuitunen et al, 1999 cited in Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva, 2005). In order to reduce the conflict of decision making of the hierarchical structure and waste of time, the changes of this hierarchical structure is needed. Burns and Stalker (1961) highlight that in organic system, position in an organization is differentiated by the expertise, whoever have greater expertise can lead the team and he or she will have the best authority.For mechanistic system, people who control the organization is according to standardization of skill, it is control by the person who have undergone extensive training and socialization (Friedson, 1970 cited in Abernethy and Stoelwinder, n. d. ). Burns and Stalker (1961) claims that the position of the leader is settled by consensus via voting in an organic system. When the position of the leader is agreed by voting, then it may consider fair because there are no any conflict of interest exist. However, for mechanistic system, position of the manager is the decision of the top level management.When the position of the leader is decided by the top level management people, there are inequality exists. Guy (1999) highlight that the increase of earnings inequality from the late 1970s until now is due to changes of organizational structure. When the decision is not reach the consensus of all but just solely based on the top level management, it seems like it is unfair. The top level may choose the one that is beneficial to him or her and promotes him or her to get higher position and this is not agreed by all. Organic SystemHence, Covin and Slevin(1990) cited in Altinay and Altinay (2004) claims that organization often decentralize decision making authority, minimize the hierarchical structure and adopt free flow communication channels to make sure organization achieved higher performance. When talk about decentralizatio n, actually it is talking about organic management system, Burns and Stalker(1961) said that organic management system is appropriate to the changing of environment, he describe organic management system as a network structure of control ,authority and communication, there are not alking about responsibilities of a person, but the responsible of the people in the network. Therefore, It is just like a team that achieve the same goals. However, the claimant that organization need to decentralize decision making was argued by Shields and Shields (1998) cited in Subramaniam and Mia (2001), said that not all managers accept the decentralization of organization structure because it will make outcomes of job unfavorable related such as low job satisfaction. For example, as what we have study now, we are choosing courses of education according to our interest.It is also the same as career, we will choose our job according to what we studied or what we like, if decentralize means that they a re all working together without departmentalize, then we might need to do the job that we do not like and make us do not have the feeling of satisfaction when rushing for the work. Conclusion In conclusion, organizational structure is not fixed, it is not constant as all organization is using the same structure and monitor their work of organization.There will be no consensus on one particular structure of organization and thus make the organizational structure do not fixed. Actually, each structure will show their good and bad, when the structure is align with the change of environment or the structure is reach the consensus of all and thus achieve higher performance of organization, then this structure is consider as good. However, when the environment is change again , and people no longer agree on this structure, then this structure is no longer applicable , if this structure is insist in using, then it may bring harm to organization.Hence, there is no the best or the smartest s tructure for an organization (Mintzberg, 1979 cited in Wang and Ahmed, 2002). When the environment of the organization change, the structure of the organization also change according to the environment, this dynamism of the organization structure makes the organization do not have a fixed or constant strucuture (Martinsons & Martinsons, 1994 cited in Wang and Ahmed, 2002). No matter organic or mechanistic management system, as long as it is an effective structure that align with the environment, it will lead he organization to achieve superior performance. Organization structure do not fixed because mechanistic management system is applicable in some situation or organic management system is suitable in some situation or mixed of these two management system is necessary for some situation. In details, an organization can mixed the centralization and decentralization by apply both in their structure. Decentralization can motivate employees to enable them showing out their creative and innovative but not stop by top level manager.At the same time, some others part can be centralize to make sure employees follow the rules and regulation because some decision if freely make by employees on their own may create troublesome such as financing and investing decision. Hence, structure cannot fixed on whether it is centralization or decentralization (Buchanan and huczynski, 2010). Therefore, we cannot say that which structure is the best structure for organization because each of these structures play their own roles in different environmental changes. (2092 words) Bibliography 1. Abernethy M. A. nd Stoelwinder, J. U. (n. d) The relationship between organization structure and management control in hospitals An elaboration and test of Mintzbergs professional bureaucracy model, pp. 18-33. 2. Altinay, L. and Altinay, M. (2004) The influence of organisational structure on entrepreneurial orientation and expansion performance, International Journal of Contemporary Hospita lity Management, 16(6), pp. 334-344. 3. Burnes, B. (1996) No such thing as a one best way to manage organizational change, Management Decision, 34/10, pp. 11-18. 4. Burns, T. and Stalker, G.M. (1961) The management of innovation, London Tavistock, pp. 103-108. 5. Child, J. (n. d) Organizational strucuture, environment and performance The role of strategic choice, Sage Social Science Collections. 6. Frank, M. , Kessler, A. , Nose, L. , Suchy, D. (2011) Conflicts in family firms state of the art and perspectives for future research, Journal of Family Business Management, 1(2), pp. 130-153. 7. Hales, S. and Rabey, G. (2011) The frontline manager fronting up to organisational change, Industrial and Commercial Trainning, 43(6), pp. 368-376. 8. Knights, D. nd Willmott, H. (2007) Introducing organizational behaviour and management, South-Western Cengage Learning. 9. Kulmala, H. I. and Uusi-Rauva, E. (2005) Network as a business environment experiences from software industry, Supply Chain Management An International Journal, 10/3, pp. 169-178. 10. McMillan, E. (n. d. ) Considering organization structure and design from a complexity paradigm perspective, Open University. 11. Mukherji, A. (2002) The evolution of information systems their impact on organizations and structures, Management Decision, 40/5, pp. 497-507. 12.Nandakumar, M. K. , Ghobadian, A. , ORegan, N. (2010) Business-level strategy and Performance The moderating effects of environment and structure, Management Decision, 48(6), pp. 907-939. 13. Singh, S. K. (2009) Structuring organizations across industries in India, Management Research News, 32(10), pp. 953-969. 14. Singh, S. K. (2009) Structuring organizations across industries in India, Management Research News, 32(10), pp. 953-969. 15. Smith, I. (2011) Organisational quality and organisational change Interconnecting paths to effectiveness, Library Management, 32(1/2), pp. 11-128. 16. Strachan, P. A. (1996) Managing transformational change the learning organization and teamworking, Team Performance Management An International Journal, (2)2, pp. 32-40. 17. Subramaniam, N. and Mia, L. (2001) The relation between decentralised structure, budgetary participation and organisational commitment The moderating role of managers value orientation towards innovation, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 14(1), pp. 12-29. 18. Walston, S. and Chou, A. 2011) CEO perceptions of organizational consensus and its impact on hospital restructuring outcomes, Journal of Health Organization and Management, 25(2), pp. 176-194. 19. Wang, L. and Ahmed, P. K. (2002) The Informal Structure Hidden energies within the organization, University of Wolverhampton, UK. 20. Guy, F. (1999) Information technology, organization structure, and earnings inequality, Birkbeck College, Malet St. 21. Buchanan D. A. and Huczynski, A. A. (2010) Organizational behaviour, Seventh edition, Pearson Education Limited.